权力监督何以有效——传统中国权力监督的分工式结构及运作困境的现代审思

How to Effectively Supervise the Power of Public Administration--A Modern Reflection on the Division of Labor Structure and Operational Dilemma of Traditional Chinese Power Supervision

有效性是权力监督的重要价值和目标。传统中国自上而下的集权分工式官僚结构是皇权专制政治的产物。随着古代监察制度的不断充实、发展与完善,监督的途径和方式趋于多样化,多种监督手段得到综合运用,形成一套完备的分工式权力监督体系。秦汉以来“设官分职”分工式分权模式,在维护传统中国权力监督的有效性、保证传统官僚体制正常运转的同时,存在着集权专制、人治传统以及程序缺失等诸多制度性缺陷,导致权力监督趋于低效空转乃至最终失效,对王朝政治产生严重的负面影响。有效的监督制约是通过科学的权力系统和结构设计,明确权力界限和职责、疏通权力通道、防止并纠正权力倾斜,使权力在既定的空间范围内畅通无阻地发挥作用,让权力监督达到最佳境界,在防范权力越轨的同时,最大程度地实现行政效能的传统中国权力监督思想与实践,为当前我国监察制度改革和权力监督有效性的建构提供了宝贵的历史资源。

Effectiveness is the important value and goal of power supervision.The traditional top-down bureaucratic structure of centralized division of labor in China is the product of imperial autocratic politics.With the continuous enrichment,development and improvement of the supervision system in ancient China,the ways and methods of supervision tended to be diversified,a variety of supervision means were comprehensively applied to form a complete power supervision system of division of labor.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties,while maintaining the effectiveness of traditional Chinese power supervision and ensuring the normal operation of traditional bureaucratic system,there are many institutional defects such as centralized autocracy,the tradition of rule by man and the lack of procedures,which lead to the power supervision tends to be inefficient and idle,and even eventually ineffective,which has a serious negative impact on dynastic politics.Effective supervision and restriction is through scientific power system and structure design,clear power boundaries and responsibilities,dredge power channels,prevent and correct power tilt,so that power can play an unimpeded role in the established space,so that power supervision can reach the best state.At the same time,the traditional Chinese power supervision thought and practice of administrative efficiency are realized to the maximum extent,which provides valuable historical resources for the reform of China’s supervision system and the construction of the validity of power supervision.