不同栽培措施对土壤特性及星油藤产量的影响

Effects of Different Cultivation Measures on Soil Characteristics and Yield of Sacha Inchi

为有效预防及减轻星油藤根茎腐病并提高星油藤产量,从土壤环境入手,设置5种栽培措施,S1(只种植星油藤,对照处理)、S2(星油藤和大豆间作处理)、S3(种植穴和表土层石灰消杀处理)、S4(施用硫肥处理)和S5(覆膜处理),探讨不同的栽培模式对星油藤患病病株根际土壤微生物群落结构组成与多样性、土壤特性及星油藤产量的影响。结果表明,(1)星油藤根茎腐病的发生改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落的多样性和丰富度,且不同栽培处理中星油藤病株根际土壤中优势细菌门(变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门)的相对丰度要高于不同栽培处理中正常非根际土壤中的优势细菌门丰度;(2)从2021年8月到2023年1月,S3处理提高了土壤交换性钙、镁的含量和pH,降低了土壤交换性铝的含量;(3)试验周期后,S1、S2、S3、S4和S5处理星油藤的产量分别为4070.9,4938.3,6065.4,4220.2和4985.2 kg·hm^(-2)。S3种植穴石灰消杀处理相比于S1对照处理,星油藤产量提高了48.99%。最终得出,星油藤发生根茎腐病后会影响土壤微生物群落的结构组成及α多样性,其中土壤细菌α多样性病株根际土壤和正常非根际土壤均是种植穴石灰消杀处理最高,而病株根际土壤真菌α多样性也是种植穴石灰消杀处理最高;随着种植年限的增加,种植穴石灰消杀栽培模式能显著提高土壤pH、土壤交换性钙、交换性镁的含量,降低土壤中交换性铝的含量,且能显著提高星油藤的产量,是一种适合星油藤的栽培方式。

In order to find out the methods that can effectively prevent and reduce the root and stem rot of Sacha inchi and improve its yield,five cultivation measures were set up from the soil environment,including S1(only planting Sacha inchi,control treatment),S2(intercropping of Sacha inchi and soybean),S3(lime disinfection and sterilization treatment in planting hole and topsoil),S4(sulfur fertilizer application treatment)and S5(film covering treatment).The effects of different cultivation modes on the composition and diversity of soil microbial community in the diseased root of Sacha inchi,the soil characteristics of Sacha inchi planting and the yield of Sacha inchi were discussed.The results showed that(1)the occurrence of Sacha inchi root and stem rot disease changed the diversity and richness of soil bacterial and fungal communities,and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial phyla(Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Actinobacteria)in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants was higher than that in normal non-rhizosphere soil under different cultivation treatments;(2)From August 2021 to January 2023,S3 treatment increased the content and pH of soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium,while reducing the content of soil exchangeable aluminum;(3)After the experimental period,the yields of Sacha inchi treated with S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5 were 4070.9,4938.3,6065.4,4220.2,and 4985.2 kg·ha^(-1),respectively.Compared with the S1 control treatment,the total yield of the S3 planting hole lime disinfection and sterilization treatment increased by 48.99%.Finally,it was concluded that the structural composition andαdiversity of soil microbial community would be affected after the occurrence of stem and root rot disease of Sacha inchi.Among them,theαdiversity of soil bacteria was the highest in the soil of diseased plant root and normal non-rooted soil in S3 treatment across all conditions,while theαdiversity of soil fungi was the highest in the soil of diseased plant root in S3 treatment;With the increase of planting years,the planting hole lime disinfection and sterilization cultivation mode can significantly increase the soil pH,the content of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in the soil,reduce the content of exchangeable aluminum in the soil,and can significantly increase the yield of Sacha inchi,which is a suitable cultivation mode for Sacha inchi.