北欧国家卓越计划的运行模式、实施成效及内在张力研究

Research on the Operation Mode,Implementation Effect and Internal Tension of Excellence Programs in the Nordic Countries

近年来,随着大学所处的环境变得更具竞争性和挑战性,卓越计划成为许多国家广泛使用的旨在提升大学竞争力和推动国家科技创新的有力政策工具。在北欧国家,遵循科学理性的研究卓越计划占据主流。通过赋予少数顶尖机构以等级、声誉和合法性,卓越计划使得传统上重视平等和保障的北欧高等教育体系转向分化与竞争。在遴选卓越中心时,北欧四国主要关注研究的创新性和突破性。在监督评价框架上,不同国家的制度化程度和灵活性有所差异,但基本都将研究的质量和影响力作为评价重点。卓越计划利用群聚效应推动了突破性创新成果的产生,不仅提高了整体的科研产出及其影响力,还对学术职业和研究环境产生了积极影响。但同时,卓越计划的实施过程中也面临资源投入的集中化或分散化、资金的学科分布与整合、资助的周期长短与可持续性等内在张力。如何在提升研究绩效的同时避免系统内的过度分化,平衡优胜者与挑战者以及不同学科间的投入,是未来卓越计划实施与优化过程中面临的关键挑战。

As the external environment for universities has become more competitive and challenging in recent years,the Excellence Initiative has become a powerful policy tool widely used in many countries to enhance university competitiveness and drive national innovation in science and technology.In the Nordic countries,research excellence programs that follow scientific reasoning dominate.By conferring rank,prestige and legitimacy on a few top institutions,the Excellence Initiative has turned the Nordic higher education system,which has traditionally valued equality and security,towards fragmentation and compe-tition.In selecting centres of excellence,the Nordic countries focus mainly on innovation and breakthroughs in research.They differs in the degree of institutionalization and flexibility of the supervision and evaluation framework,but take the quality and influence of research as the evaluation focus.The Excellence Initiative has promoted the generation of breakthrough innovation results through clustering effect,which has not only improved the overall research output and its impact,but also exerted a positive impact on the academic profession and the research environment.However,in the implementation process,it also faces internal tensions such as centralization or decentralization of resource investment,discipline distribution and integration of funds,length of funding cycle and sustainability.How to improve research performance while avoiding excessive fragmentation within the system,and balancing resource investment between winners and challengers as well as disciplines,are key challenges for the future implementation and optimization of the Excellence Initiative.