多样化还是等级化?日本高等教育分类改革研究

Diversity or Hierarchy?A Study on the Classification Reform of Higher Education in Japan

恰当的高等教育机构分类有利于促进高等教育多样化。日本战后逐步构建了丰富多样的高等教育机构分类体系,然而精英大学与其他高校之间以及精英大学内部的等级分化日益显著,且越是处于改革施策期,等级化越严重,形成了日本高等教育系统的“表面多样化、实质等级化”。这种矛盾现象损害了日本高等教育均衡发展与社会公平,其关键原因是政府采取的“外部设计、自上而下”线性高等教育分类改革策略不符合高等教育发展的非线性规律,破坏了高等教育的自组织过程,导致高等教育系统等级化趋势不断加强且难以自发突破。我国当前的高等教育普及化需要建立更加合理的高等教育分类体系,应更多鼓励自下而上、自发形成的高等教育分类,支持高等教育组织局部创新、促进良性竞争生态。

Appropriate classification of higher education institutions is important for promoting the diversity of higher education.Post-war Japan gradually developed a diverse classification system of higher education institutions.However,there is an increasing hierarchical differentiation between elite universities and other institutions,and among elite uni⁃versities.This exacerbated especially when intensive reform took place,and caused the higher education system to be seemingly diverse but actually hierarchical.It harms the bal⁃ance of higher education and social equity in Japan.The key reason is that the government adopted a linear'externally designed and top-down'reform strategy which does not align with the nonlinear patterns of higher education.It disrupts the self-organizing process of higher education,leading to a continuous reinforcement of hierarchical trend and hardness to break through initially.China should lead an'internal emergence and bottom-up'reform of higher education classification as in the universal stage,supporting grassroots innovations in higher education organizations,and fostering a healthy ecosystem.