方以智说“邹均”解读

Fang Yizhi’s Interpretation of“Zou Jun”

选方以智评说孟子人性论的五则论述,以解读的方式揭示他对孟子人性论的独特认识:(1)将“性善恶混”与“性三品”归为同一类型;(2)孟子谈“心”“性”“天”的统一性,不是从知识理性立论,而是从道德理性立论;(3)以“不落有无”解释孟子的“养气”与“践形”两者统一说,彰显出其解释的浓厚思辨哲学色彩;(4)将人的自发的学习能力定义为人的“习性”亦即“独性”,并将“独性”归根于“公性”。“公性”在宇宙形成之前即存在(逻辑在先),则“独性”归根于“公性”即意味着人天生具有自发的学习能力。方以智以人有自发的学习能力来规定人所固有的特性,与孟子侧重从道德意识和道德能力来规定人所固有的特性,存在明显的差别。

This paper selects five discussions by Fang Yizhi on Mencius’s theory of human nature to reveal his unique understanding through interpretation:(1)He categorizes“the mixture of good and evil in human nature”and“the three grades of human nature”into the same type.(2)Fang interprets Mencius’s discourse on the unity of“mind”“nature”and“heaven”not from the standpoint of intellectual reason,but from moral reason.(3)He explains Mencius’s concept of the unity of“nourishing qi”and“practicing form”using the idea of“transcending existence and non-existence”,highlighting a strong speculative philosophical aspect in his interpretation.(4)Fang defines humans’spontaneous learning ability as“habitual nature”or“unique nature”and traces“unique nature”back to“universal nature”.Since“universal nature”exists before the formation of the universe(logically prior),tracing“unique nature”back to“universal nature”implies that humans are born with a spontaneous learning ability.Fang’s definition of inherent human characteristics based on this spontaneous learning ability is markedly different from Mencius’s emphasis on defining human characteristics through moral consciousness and moral capability.