中体与西用:元、明时期宁夏水利技术之进步

Chinese Tradition as the Fundamental Structure and Western as the Application:The Progress of Water Conservancy Technology in Ningxia during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties

宁夏引黄灌区历史悠久,灌溉已达上千年。自秦汉至唐代,银川平原渐次修成河东七级(秦家)、汉伯以及河西汉延、唐来四大干渠,西夏时期,河西又增修李王渠。蒙元以前,渠道水闸多用木料,间及石料,其余皆以土坝砌成。唐及西夏时运用树枝成捆筑成渠坝,覆以沙土,坝侧广植杨柳,利用根系再次巩固坝基,但传统技术无法解决宁夏水利发展形成的一系列问题。据史料记载,蒙古西征后,中亚水利技术逐渐东传。经元代和明前期,不断融入宁夏本土,至明后期完成“易木为石”材料更新和增“暗洞、飞槽、底石”技术革新。纵观这一过程,可谓传统引黄灌溉水利与西来技术融合之典型,推动宁夏水利技术新进步。

The Yellow River diversion irrigation area of Ningxia has a long history and has been irrigat-ed for thousands of years.From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang dynasties,Yinchuan Plain was gradu-ally built the canals of seventh grade(Qin Jia)and Hambo in Hedong area,and the canals of Han Yan and Tang Lai in Hexi area,and the Li Wang Canal in the Western Xia Dynasty.Before the Mongol Yuan Dynasty,the channel sluice used wood and stone,and the rest were built with earth dam.In the Tang and Western Xia Dynasty,bundles of branches were used to build canals and dams,which were covered with sand.Willows were planted on the sides of the dams and roots were used to consolidate the dam foundation.However,tradi-tional technologies could not solve a series of problems caused by the development of water conservancy in Ningxia.According to historical speculation,After Mongolia's westward conquest,Central Asian water con-servancy technology gradually spread to the east.Through the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty,and continuously integrated into Ningxia,to complete the"change wood for stone"material update and increase the"dark hole,flying trough,bottom stone"technical change in the late Ming Dynasty.Throughout this pro-cess,it can be described as the typical integration of traditional Yellow River diversion irrigation and western technology,to promote the new progress of water conservancy technology in Ningxia.