清代晋东南乡村“村社”制度的逻辑体系探究

Research on the Logical System of"Village Community"Institution in Southeast Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty

晋东南村社发轫于隋唐,持续千年,经历了宋金元的数次转型,至清代进入发展成型和稳定的时期。有清一代,以社庙为中心的村社空间布局基本形成,这是村社制度得以实施的重要前提和保障。村落中频繁的赛社祭神仪式,客观上起到了聚集社民的文化心理建设作用,同时也在仪式中确立了村社组织职责和社首权威。无论是民主遴选的社首还是按照田亩征收的社分制度,甚至于细化到村民生活方方面面的社规制度,在这一时期都得以完善,乾隆朝之后晋东南村社从无序的习俗发展成有着严密组织规范的地方自治制度。在社庙建设和村社制度的形成过程中,士绅作为四民之首,为其寻找到了合乎正统的理论基础,他们把“先王建社”“社起于亩”的信古思想赋予村社,以“神道设教”为其树立正统形象,这一自觉或者不自觉的理论定性也成为清代村社制度得以在晋东南乡村迅速发展的重要推手。

The village community in the southeast of Shanxi originated in Sui and Tang dynasties,last-ed for a thousand years,experienced several transformations of Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties,and entered a period of development and stability in the Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty,the spatial layout of the vil-lage community centered on the Shemiao was basically formed,which was an important prerequisite and guarantee for the implementation of the village community system.The frequent ritual of offering sacrifices to the gods of the community objectively played a role in the cultural and psychological construction of gath-ering the community and people,and also established the responsibility of the village community organiza-tion and the authority of Sheshou in the ceremony.Both the democratic selection of Sheshou,Shefen system based on the expropriation of land and even the social regulation system detailed to all aspects of villagers'lives were perfected during this period.After the Qianlong Dynasty,the village community in southeast Shanxi developed from a disorderly custom into a local autonomy system with strict organization and norms.In the construction of Shemiao and the formation of village community system,the gentry,as the head of the four occupations,found an orthodox theoretical basis for it.They endowed the village community with the ancient thought of"previous kings constructed the She"and"She derived from Mu",and set up an orthodox image with"education by Gods and ghosts".This conscious or unconscious theoretical characterization also became an important driving force for the rapid development of village community system in southeast Shanxi in Qing Dynasty.