20世纪60年代美国新资源保护及环境治理——尤德尔的环境危机认知与应对

New Resource Conservation and Environmental Improvement in the 1960s in the United States:Stewart Udall’s Cognition of Environmental Crisis and Response

20世纪60年代,美国内政部长斯图尔特•尤德尔敏锐地意识到现代环境危机悄然而至。他超越传统资源保护的功利主义导向,提出以美为诉求的新资源保护,领导“美化美国”运动,倡导重塑美国人地关系;他以生态学为导向、以科学报告为依据对内政部进行现代化改革,推动多部自然资源保护法案通过,多维度拓展了自然资源保护的内涵和外延。尤德尔的环境危机认知与应对举措,被纳入约翰•肯尼迪和林登•约翰逊两任政府的施政纲领之中,弥合了长期以来美国联邦政府环境治理与民间环保行动间的割裂,引导政府通过重新定义、分配、开发以及保护自然资源,第一次在完整意义上将法律与秩序带入环境及人地关系,开创了现代西方环境治理的新理念与新局面。

In the 1960s,Steward Udall,the United States Secretary of Department of Interior,was keenly aware of the modern environmental crisis was coming quietly.He went beyond the utilitarian orientation of traditional resource conservation,proposed a new conservation with the pursuit of beauty,led the“Beautify America”movement,and advocated the reshaping of man-land relationship in the United States.He modernized the Department of the Interior with an ecological orientation and scientific reports as the basis,promoted the passage of several natural resource conservation laws,and expanded the connotation and extension of natural resource conservation in multiple dimensions.Udall’s cognition of environmental crisis and his responses was incorporated into the administrative programs of the two administrations of John F.Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson,bridging the longstanding gap between federal environmental improvement and civil environmental action in the United States,and guiding the government to redefine,allocate,develop,and protect natural resources.It was the first time to bring law and order into the environment and man-land relationship in a complete sense,creating a new concept and situation for modern Western environmental improvement.