清末民初长江河口沙洲地权研究

A Research on Land Property Rights of Sandbars in the Yangtze Estuary in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

长江河口沙洲地权的变化与沙洲生境的发育紧密关联,国家赋税制度和土地开发模式也影响了沙洲的地权样态。涂荡地权是沙洲土地确权的起点,官拨里排的赋税制度实现了无主之地向里排私有的转换。筑圩是成田地权确立的标志,也是地权出现田底与田面分化的开端。业佃负担承价的比例是划分崇明地权归属和影响业佃关系的关键要素。沙洲成田的地价受土地肥瘠、政治局势、交易时间和土地类型等多种因素的影响。出露于晚清的横沙岛的地权形态历经官府公产到大地主私产的短暂波动后,最终确立了教育公产的书院地权属性。崇明与横沙的地权交易和经营模式呈现明显分化。

The change of land property rights of sandbars in the Yangtze estuary was closely related to the development of sandbars’habitats,the national taxes system and land development modes also influenced the patterns of sandbars’land property rights.The land property rights of mudflat was the starting point for the confirmation of land property in sandbars,the taxes system of the government-allocated Lipai had achieved the conversion of unclaimed land to private land of Lipai.Building dikes was the symbol of the establishment of farmland property rights,and it was also the beginning of the differentiation of land ownership and land use right.The proportion of land value undertaken by the landowners and tenants was a key factor in determining the landownership of Chongming and the relationship between them.The price of farmland in sandbars was influenced by various factors such as land fertility,political situation,transaction time,and land type,etc.The land property rights of Hengsha Island,which emerged in the late Qing Dynasty,briefly fluctuated from public property of feudal official to private property of large landlords,then finally established the land property rights of academy,which was a public property for education.The transactions and management modes of land property rights of Chongming and Hengsha showed significantly differentiated.