从“以俄为师”到自主探索:中亚国家反恐政策的演变

From“Taking Russia as a Teacher”to Independent Exploration:The Evolution of Counter-terrorism Policies in Central Asian Countries

打击防范恐怖主义对于维护中亚地区稳定与安全有着重大意义。在内外形势深刻变化的背景下,中亚各国的反恐政策经历了两个较为明显的发展阶段。第一阶段为1991年至“9·11”事件发生前,其特点可总结为“以俄为师”;第二阶段为“9·11”事件发生后至今,其特点为自主探索。在三十多年的探索中,中亚反恐在观念上形成了严禁宗教歧视、维护联合国核心地位以及尊重国家主权及其独特身份的特征。在制度上,中亚各国纷纷建立起更强调反恐政治目的的反恐法律体系和更完备的国内外反恐组织体系;在行动上,则更注重开展多元平衡的国际反恐合作以及强调反恐举措的全面性。中亚反恐政策的调整受到中亚各国对外部势力干涉的不满、恐怖主义形势新变化以及上海合作组织规范扩散效应等因素的影响。截至目前,中亚国家已初步形成具有特色、符合自身需要的反恐策略。

Combating and preventing terrorism is of great significance to maintain stability and security in Central Asia. With profound changes in the internal and external situation, the counter-terrorism policies of Central Asian countries have experienced two distinct stages of development. The first stage was from 1991 to the time of “September 11 attacks”, which can be summarized as “taking Russia as a teacher”;the second stage, which is characterized by independent exploration, was after the “September 11 attacks”. In more than 30 years of exploration, the concept of anti-terrorism in Central Asia has formed characteristics of prohibiting religious discrimination, safeguarding the core status of the United Nations, and respecting national sovereignty and its unique identity. At the institutional level, they have set up the legal systems for counter-terrorism with more emphasis on political purposes and have also built more complete domestic and international anti-terrorism organization systems. In terms of actions, more attention is paid to carrying out diversified and balanced international counter-terrorism cooperation and enhancing the comprehensiveness of counter-terrorism measures. The adjustment of counter-terrorism policy in Central Asia is influenced by factors such as the dissatisfaction of Central Asian countries with other countries' interference, new changes in the terrorist situation and the diffusion effect of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's norms. Up to now, Central Asian countries have initially formed anti-terrorism strategies with their own characteristics and in line with their own needs.