宁夏中卫沙坡头国家级自然保护区景观格局变化对鸟类多样性的影响

Effect of landscape pattern change on bird diversity in Shapotou National Nature Reserve of Zhongwei, Ningxia

研究景观格局变化对鸟类分布和多样性的影响对鸟类栖息地保护具有重要意义。文中收集了宁夏中卫沙坡头国家级自然保护区三期科考报告的鸟类多样性数据,基于同期卫星遥感影像数据,利用景观格局指数法获取景观要素特征,并进一步分析了不同生态类型鸟类G-F多样性与景观格局变化之间的关系。结果表明,不同功能区三个调查年份各生态类型鸟类G-F多样性存在较大波动,整体呈现增长趋势,缓冲区各生态类型鸟类G-F多样性高于核心区和实验区。不同生态类型的鸟类多样性对景观格局变化的响应存在差异。鸣禽栖息地以林地、草地和荒漠半荒漠景观为主,景观破碎化程度的加剧尤其是人工治沙草方格的快速更迭极易造成鸣禽G-F多样性下降。陆禽分布由于受食物资源和繁殖特征的综合影响,倾向于湿地植被茂盛区。猛禽栖息地以林地和草地为主,与最大斑块指数(Largest patch index, LPI)和平均斑块面积周长比(Mean Perimeter-Area Rati, PARA-MN)正相关,符合猛禽捕食习性。涉禽和游禽在保护区小微湿地的分布与斑块密度(Patch density, PD)和景观分割指数(Landscape division index, DIVISION)正相关,与最大斑块指数、斑块面积比(Percent of landscape, PLAND)和连接度指数(Patch cohesion index, COHESION)负相关,其对景观特征的响应表明湿地斑块间的距离对鸟类多样性影响显著,较大的水域面积并不会提高湿地鸟类多样性,便于迁飞且食物资源丰富的湿地更有利于提高鸟类多样性。攀禽对景观要素的响应并不明显,未表现出对生境的偏好。人工景观格局的变化并未对不同生态类型的鸟类造成显著影响。文中研究对保护区今后的鸟类保护及生态修复具有指导意义。

The study on the effects of landscape pattern change on bird distribution and diversity is vital to the conservation of bird habitats. So, in this paper, the bird diversity data reported in the three phase of scientific research reports in Shapotou National Nature Reserve of Zhongwei, Ningxia were collected, the characteristics of landscape elements were analyzed using the landscape pattern indexes based on remote sensing image data in the corresponding period, and the relationship between birds G-F diversity of different ecological types and landscape pattern changes was further studied. The results indicated that there were significant fluctuations in the G-F diversity of birds of different ecological types in different functional areas in three survey years, showing an overall growing trend. The G-F diversity of various ecological types of birds in the buffer areas was higher than that in the core and experimental areas, and the response of bird diversity to landscape pattern changes varies among different ecological types. The habitats of songbirds were mainly in woodland, grassland, and desert/semidesert landscapes. The intensification of landscape fragmentation, especially the rapid replacement of artificial sand control grass grids, could easily lead to a decrease in G-F diversity of songbirds. Due to the comprehensive influence of food resources and reproductive characteristics, the distribution of land birds tended to be in areas with lush wetland vegetation. The habitat of raptors was mainly in woodland and grassland, which was positively correlated with LPI and PARA-MN,and conformed to the predatory habits of raptor. The distribution of waders and waterfowl in small wetlands in nature reserve was positively correlated with PD and DIVISION,and negatively correlated with LPI,PLAND,and COHESION. Their response to landscape characteristics indicated that the distance between wetland patches had a significant impact on bird diversity. A larger water area did not increase bird diversity in wetlands, and wetlands that were easy to migrate and had abundant food resources were more conducive to improving bird diversity. The response of perch birds to landscape elements was not significant, and they did not show a preference for habitat. The changes in artificial landscape patterns had no significant impact on birds of different ecological types. This study has guiding significance for the future bird protection and ecological restoration in the nature reserve.