青藏高原草地生态系统演化过程、可持续发展瓶颈及应对分析

Exploration of the relationship between human activity and sustainable development on the alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: History, dilemma, and strategy

青藏高原面积巨大,自然条件恶劣,生态环境脆弱,具有生态、生产和生活的三生服务功能。自20世纪80年代以来,在气候变化、人口激增、市场冲击和经营管理模式改变等多种因素影响下,青藏高原草地生产服务功能逐渐被弱化,“人-地”矛盾凸显,如何实现青藏高原草地生态系统的可持续发展成为“关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的大计”。基于此,本文梳理了青藏高原生态系统演化历史、植被演化过程及不同历史时期人类活动及区域经济-资源发展模式特征,发现:1)在大的时空间尺度下,青藏高原植被演替的主控因子为气候变化和剧烈的地质变迁,在小的时空尺度下,导致相同地理和气候单元植被特征分异的原因是放牧强度的分异,而草地过度放牧的原因同家庭牧场的管理、草地生态价值的可评估性、人口与生产力发展适配度等关系密切。2)规模化放牧在青藏高原区域具有数千年历史,并形成了人-草-畜协同演化的互利共生关系,青藏高原草地生态系统可持续发展需要在汲取当地传统知识和文化精华的基础之上,扩大草地生产的层次性,引入或研发以生产和生态效益共赢为目的的科学技术,完善和延伸草地生产产业链,完善高原生态系统生态价值评估体系,调动牧场管理者草地健康保护的主观能动性,完成草地健康监管奖惩制度,以生产力、管理和文化为调节手段提高青藏高原区域农牧业现代化和商品化程度,实现青藏高原草地生态系统资源可持续利用发展及区域生态文明建设。

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which covers a vast area with harsh climate conditions and a fragile ecological environment,provides three ecosystem service functions:ecology,production,and life activities.Since the 1980s,the grassland production and ecosystem service capacities of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have gradually been weakened as a result of climate change and unreasonable human activities,and the dilemma of balancing between improving the local economy and protecting habitats has become the outstanding issue in the area.Therefore,what would be a win-win strategy?Do grassland protection and local economic development have equal opportunity for sustainable development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?Moreover,how can a balance between those two aspects be achieved in local sustainable development?Based on studies of previous physical and social science achievements,the following results were found:1)The main controlling factors for vegetation succession on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are climate change and drastic geological events at a large spatiotemporal scale.2)The history of a nomadic lifestyle on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dates back to thousands of years,and the symbiotic relationship formed among herders,livestock,and alpine grasslands over time has been mutually beneficial.The reason for the coexistence of multiple alpine grassland types under the same geographical and climatic environment was altered grazing intensities,where those that exceeded the capacity of forage production would lead to pasture degradation.The reason for overgrazing was the incompatibility between productivity and human development.3)The sustainable development of alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau requires both reforms in management systems and scientific and technological innovation in animal husbandry production,as well as absorbing the essence of traditional grazing knowledge,increasing the level of production,and further diversifying the economy.