中国写作教育的历史、学科化与发展趋势

The History of Chinese Writing Education,its Disciplinization and Development Trend

写作教育在中国古代有着辉煌的历史,它是中国古代文明长盛不衰的重要原因。科举考试最重要的考试就是作文,考作文不仅能够考核一个人的语文水平,更能够考核一个人的思想和思维水平。科举考试中的八股文今天已经成为文章僵化、墨守成规、教条化、程式化的代名词,但作为一种写作的常规训练,它的合理性被忽略了,其作用和意义被严重地低估了。现代教育虽然实施新学教育,但延续了中国古代对写作教育的重视,民国大学各专业都开设“国文”课,其中写作是国文课的最重要的内容,所以,民国大学生不管是学习什么专业,都有很强的写作能力。中华人民共和国成立之后中国教育仍然是重视学生写作能力培养的,很长一段时间大学各专业都开设写作课程,并且是基础课程之一,中国语言文学专业则有写作教研室实体。但1981年实施学位制度之后,中国语言文学一级学科没有设置“写作”学科,导致写作地位急剧下降,大学生和研究生的语文水平也普遍下降。2022年学科调整,中国语言文学一级学科增设“创意写作”二级学科,这对于中国写作教育来说是重要的事件,必将对中国语言文学专业和学科建设产生深远的影响。未来写作在内容上将是多元化的,不具统一的模式,少部分是创意写作,但绝大多数则是普通的实用性的基础性的写作。

Writing education in ancient China has a glorious history,it is an important reason for the prosperity of ancient Chinese civilization.The most important test of imperial examination is composition,which can not only test a person’s language level,but also can examine his or her thoughts and thinking level.Nowadays,eight-part essay in imperial examnation has become the symbol of rigidity,old fashion,dogmatism and stylization,but as a kind of writing routine training,its rationality has been ignored,its function and significance has been seriously underestimated.Although modern education carries out the new style teaching,it continues the importance of the writing education in ancient China.Every university major in the Republic of China period offered the“Chinese”course,among which writing is the most important content of the Chinese course,college students in the Republic of China period had strong writing ability no matter what they studied.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,Chinese education still placed great emphasis on the development of students’writing ability.For a long time,writing courses were offered in all majors in universities,and it was one of the core courses,the Chinese language and literature specialty has the writing teaching and research office entity.However,since the implementation of the degree system in 1981,the status of Chinese writing has declined sharply,as a result of the lack of“Writing”discipline at the first level of Chinese language and literature.In 2022,the discipline adjustment,Chinese language and literature to add“Creative writing”second-level disciplines,which is an important event for China’s writing education,it will have a far-reaching influence on the construction of Chinese language and literature specialty and discipline.In the future,the content of writing will be diverse,not a unified model,a small part of creative writing,but the vast majority of ordinary practical basic writing.