质谱技术在新能源领域的应用

Application of Mass Spectrometry in New Energy Fields

当前,全球能源短缺、气候变化问题日益严重,开发和利用环境友好型能源迫在眉睫。质谱技术能够快速识别多组分物质、鉴定未知化合物结构,在光催化反应、电催化反应以及电化学储能装置开发等能源研究领域得到了广泛应用。本文介绍了液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱(MALDI-MS)、微分电化学质谱(DEMS)和电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)等技术在反应瞬态中间体、产物检测和反应机理推测方面的应用,并对质谱技术在光催化降解、光催化合成、电催化还原、电催化合成、锂离子电池以及锂硫电池等领域面临的挑战和发展趋势进行展望。

The development and utilization of environment-friendly energy is imminent with global energy shortage and climate change becoming increasingly serious.The advancement and utilization of environment-friendly energy,including photocatalytic hydrogen production,electrocatalytic pollutant removal,and the development of electrochemical energy storage devices,have emerged as prominent research topics.A variety of modern analysis techniques provide strong support in these related studies,such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)for investigating the active site geometry and electronic structure of photocatalysts,synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(SR-XPS)for real-time monitoring of interatomic electron excitation and transfer in photocatalysts,in situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy(EPR)for the detection of free radicals in photocatalysis reactions,Raman spectroscopy(RS)for analyzing the interfacial structure of electrochemical reactions,and in situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)for studying catalyst structure and reactivity in photocatalytic reactions.While these techniques provide abundant information for the mechanistic aspects of the associated chemical processes,it remains challenging to conduct further identification and structural analysis of the reaction intermediates at a molecular level.Due to the ability in rapid identification of the components in complex system,mass spectrometry(MS)has been widely used in the new energy fields such as photocatalytic reaction,electrocatalytic reaction,and the development of electrochemical energy storage devices.This review introduced the application of mass spectrometry techniques,including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS),differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS),in the detection of transient intermediates and products as well as the exploration of reaction mechanisms.Modern mass spectrometry offers critical support for the mechanism analysis of photocatalytic reactions aimed at the mineralization of organic pollutants,hydrogen generation,CO2 reduction,N2 fixation,and organic synthesis.It also provides distinct advantages for real-time product monitoring,isotopic labeling analysis,and the capture and identification of short-lived intermediates in electrocatalytic processes,such as hydrogen evolution,oxygen evolution,CO2 reduction,N2 reduction,and organic synthesis.By analyzing reaction products and intermediates in electrochemical energy storage devices through mass spectrometry,it is possible to elucidate the nature of energy storage and conduct rational design of high-performance materials.Modern mass spectrometry facilitates both offline detection of products and online identification of reaction intermediates,enhancing the understanding of reaction kinetics and elucidating mechanisms when combined with theoretical calculations.Thus,modern mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for the study of reaction mechanisms.The challenges and prospects of mass spectrometry in the fields of photocatalytic degradation,photocatalytic synthesis,electrocatalytic reduction,electrocatalytic synthesis,lithium-ion batteries,and lithium-sulfur batteries were also discussed in this review.While current mass spectrometry techniques can detect transient intermediates,challenges persist in identifying the reaction intermediates with lower concentrations and reduced stability.Therefore,optimizing the sampling systems and mass analyzers is crucial to improve the sampling speed,transfer efficiency,and analysis throughput.Understanding complex reaction mechanisms requires correlating reaction intermediates with various conditions,such as reaction time,radiation wavelength,and potential.This necessitates a spatial integration between the reactor and the mass spectrometer to preserve the true form of intermediates and ensure accurate signal transmission that reflects the pertinent reaction parameters.Integrating mass spectrometry to analyze the morphology and structure of reaction intermediates and products with theoretical calculations may enable the construction of a comprehensive,multi-dimensional reaction theory system.Ultimately,employing this theoretical framework to advance experimental research could represent a novel idea in the research filed.