清代以来黔东南苗疆的族群融合与社会变迁

Ethnic Integration and Social Change in Miao area of Qiandongnan since Qing Dynasty

传统的黔东南苗疆山地社会普遍处于刀耕火种和狩猎采集状态,当地少数民族采取“姑舅表婚”的方式避免劳动力的流失,村寨处于寨老组织的管理下,社会结构呈现不相兼统的平权格局。自雍正年间苗疆开辟后,包括汉人在内的移民通过联姻和拟亲属关系等各种方式扎根苗寨,其带来的农业技术、贸易和文化促进了苗疆社会的发展。同时,清政府推行文教科举和鼓励灌溉农业的政策。在多方因素促成下,苗疆社会的政治、经济、文化乃至于族群关系都发生了深刻变化。移民群体、地方官府和当地社群是促成民族融合和社会变迁的主体。

The traditional mountainous society in Miao area of Qiandongnan was generally in the state of slash-and-burn farming and hunting.Local minorities adopted the"cross-cousin marriage"to avoid the loss of labor force.The villages were under the administration of the old village organizations.The social structure showed the pattern of equal rights.Since(1726)Miao area opened up,Immigrants,including Han people,took root in the Miao Village by various means,such as marriage and fictive kinship.The agricultural technology,trade and culture brought by the immigrants promoted the development of Miao area society.The Qing government carried out the policy of cultural and educational imperial examinations and encouraged irrigated agriculture.Under the promotion of many factors,the politics,economy,culture and ethnic relations of Miao area society have undergone profound changes.Immigrant groups,local government and local communities are the subjects that promote national integration and social change.