民事诉权的希尔伯特问题

The Hilbert’s Issue on the Right of Civil Action

诉权是民事诉讼法学的首要希尔伯特问题。面对边缘化风险,民事诉权亟需证成自身的有用性。新中国成立以来,民事诉权先后肩负民事诉讼体制的社会主义转型、依法独立公正行使审判权、立案登记制改革以及“切实实施民法典”的历史使命与时代精神。二元诉权论虽然是我国长期坚守的通说,但并未对诉权规范及其实践提供清晰的概念指引,法律文本中的诉权规范可能分别指向起诉行为、起诉权、胜诉权、案件受理等意涵。学说史的发展和迭代表明,诉权保障并不必然伴随立案登记制。立案登记制改革亟待与诉权模式转型形成联动。二元诉权论与具体公法诉权论存在亲缘关系。囿于诉之可能性等关键概念缺失以及“案多人少”的现实挑战,二元诉权论同样面临“起诉难”这一私法诉权说的实践弊病。“诉讼爆炸”“无理缠诉”并非诉权模式转型的当然结果。随着民事诉权希尔伯特问题的有效解决,立案登记制改革终将走出“历史的三峡”,实现民事诉权保障与规制的衡平与共赢。

The right of civil action is the primary Hilbert’s issue in civil procedure jurisprudence.Faced with the risk of being marginalized,the right of civil action urgently needs to prove its usefulness.Since the founding of PRC,the right of civil action has successively been playing a part in the socialist transformation of the civil litigation system,the protection of the independent and impartial exercise of judicial power under the rule of law,the reform to the case filing registration system,and“practical implementation of the civil code”.Although the binary theory of the right of civil action is the main theory,which has long been adhered to in China,it does not provide clear conceptual guidance on the norms of the right of civil action and its practice,and the norms in the statute may have different meanings point to the act of suing,the right to sue,the right to win,and the case filing,etc..The development of the theories suggests that protection on the right of civil action doesn’t necessarily result in case filing registration system.The reform to the case filing registration system needs to coordinate with the transformation of the model of the right of civil action.There is a kinship between the binary theory on the right of civil action and the specific public law theory on the right of civil action.Due to the absence of key concepts like“the possibility to litigation”and the challenge of“more cases but less judges”,the binary theory on the right of civil action also has the same drawback on“difficulty in suing”as the private law theory on the right of civil action.The“litigation explosion”and“unreasonable litigation”are not the inevitable result from the transformation of the model of the right of civil action.With the effective solution of Hilbert’s issue on the right of civil action,the reform to the case filing registration system will eventually get out of the“historical three gorges”,and achieve balance and win-win between the protection and regulation on the right of civil action.