日本企业技术转化相关制度的设计与变革——丰田汽车的“成”与“败”

Design and Reform of Relevant System of Technology Transformation in Japanese Enterprises:The Success and Failure of Toyota Motor

日本作为发达国家,其企业的成功依靠技术领先获得发展空间,其相关制度环境独具特色,值得研究。通过讨论日本企业在技术转化中面对的整体制度环境——重技术轻市场的管理哲学、东西世界夹缝中生存的国际环境、传统制度与区域文化的影响、政府-市场制度关系的数次变迁,引出对于丰田汽车内部精益管理等制度路径依赖、外部封建“幕藩体制”的企业间关系等制度特质的讨论,指出其正面临市场信息、内部管理、政企关系、社会文化等方面的制度困境,导致技术转化的阶段性“失败”;在对丰田汽车技术转化未来一段时期变革方向的推理判断基础上,形成对企业技术转化相关制度问题的规律性认知,得出经验教训,以引导中国企业进一步提高技术转化效率、降低制度性成本。

As a developed country,Japan's enterprise success depends on technology leadership to obtain development space,and its related institutional environment is unique and worth studying.By discussing the overall institutional environment that Japanese enterprises faced in the process of technology transformation,including the management philosophy that emphasizes technology over market,the international environment that exists in the gap between East and West,the influence of traditional institutions and regional culture,and the several changes in the relationship between government-market institutions,this paper introduces the discussion on the institutional characteristics of Toyota Motor,such as the internal lean management system path dependence,the external feudal“screen system”relationship between enterprises,and so on.It points out that Toyota Motor is facing institutional difficulties in market information,internal management,government-enterprise relationship,social culture and other aspects,leading to the phased“failure”of technology transformation.Finally,on the basis of the reasoning and judgment of the direction of Toyota's technology transformation in the future period,the regular cognition of the relevant institutional issues of enterprise technology transformation is formed,and lessons are drawn to guide Chinese enterprises to further improve the efficiency of technology transformation and reduce institutional costs.