戰國楚簡隨葬制度及書寫風格研究——兼析上博簡傳抄文獻書風散漫原因

Research on the Burial System and Calligraphic Style of Chu Bamboo Slips of the Warring States Period:With an Analysis of the Reasons for the Careless Style in the Handwritten Copies of the Bamboo Slips of the Shanghai Museum

論文通過考察楚簡在墓葬中出土的位置情况,論證了楚人對于不同書寫内容竹簡的隨葬制度的差異,提出楚人對于竹書的重視程度等同于青銅禮器,而對于卜筮、遣册等内容的竹簡視同生活用品的地位。論文從現今公布的戰國竹簡内容角度出發,將“即時性書寫”的文本稱爲“寫本”,將傳抄的文本稱爲“抄本”,并將“抄本”細分爲“謄寫本”與“謄清本”。結合竹簡材料中用筆、字距章法及脱文校勘等情况,論文將戰國楚簡文字細分爲“正體”“俗體”,“正體”對應典籍文獻傳抄謄清本,“俗體”則對應其他典籍文獻傳抄謄寫本、日書寫本、遣策等,并指出上博簡中傳抄文獻風格多樣,部分書風散漫的原因在于其爲謄寫過程中的抄寫本,而非最終的謄清本。論文進一步提出上博簡《周易》篇兩個書手書寫的原因是底本爲第一書手書寫,而部分遺失,故第二書手所書竹簡是爲了補足文本所失竹簡,并指出此類書寫制度後亦出現在漢代簡牘之中。

This article analyses the location of bamboo slips of the Chu state unearthed from tombs of the Warring States period and demonstrates the differences in burial systems for different written contents.The author points out that the importance placed by the people of Chu on these bamboo slips was equivalent to that of bronze ritual vessels,whereas bamboo slips containing divination texts and dispatches were considered as household items.Secondly,from the perspective of the content of the Warring States bamboo slips published today,the“spontaneously written”text is referred to as the“manuscript version”(xieben),the transcribed text is referred to as the“copied version”(chaoben),which can be further divided into“transcriptions”(tengxieben)and“fair copies”(tengqingben).Based on characteristics of the brushwork,spacing and composition as well as of the textual editing in the bamboo slips,the present paper subdivides the Chu slips of the Warring States period into“formal”and“unofficial”styles.The formal style corresponds to the fair copies of classical literature,while the unofficial style corresponds to the transcribed copies of other classical literature,almanacs(rishu)and dispatches.This paper also points out that the styles in the bamboo slips of the Shanghai Museum are diverse,and the reason for the careless style of some specimens is that transcriptions rather than fair copies were used during the copying process.The reason why there are two hands in the Book of Changes section of the bamboo slips in the Shanghai Museum is that the original transcript was lost and another copyist was therefore entrusted with the transcription of the missing text.Finally,it is pointed out that this type of handwriting also appears in the bamboo slips of the Han dynasty.