空气PM_(2.5)成分的混合暴露对小学生肺功能的急性影响

Acute effects of exposure to PM_(2.5) components on the lung function of primary school students

目的分析细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))成分的混合暴露对小学生肺功能的急性影响,为保护儿童呼吸健康提供科学依据。方法2019—2021年,在天津市分层随机方法选取2120名小学三至五年级学生进行肺功能测试。同时,结合PM_(2.5)成分和学生住址,模拟短期暴露水平,并采用广义线性回归模型(GLM)和加权分数之和(WQS)回归模型分析PM_(2.5)混合暴露对小学生肺功能的急性影响。结果2019—2021年天津市空气中PM_(2.5)日均水平的平均值为81.14μg/m^(3),高于国家标准。肺功能检测结果显示,天津市不同地区小学生的用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、75%的用力呼气量(FEF75)和25%的用力呼气量(FEF25)等肺功能测量指标差异均无统计学意义(F值分别为1.23,0.87,2.34,1.56,0.98,P值均>0.05)。但GLM分析结果显示,空气中PM_(2.5)各成分均对小学生的肺功能指标产生不利影响;当芴和芘的成分质量浓度每增加10 ng/m^(3)时,小学生的肺功能FVC指标会分别降低166.44和61.94 L。WQS回归模型分析结果显示,在混合暴露对小学生肺功能指标的影响中,多环芳烃中的芴、芘以及重金属铅所占的比例权重较大。结论空气中PM_(2.5)各成分的单一暴露和混合暴露均对小学生的肺功能指标产生不利影响,其中多环芳烃中的芴和芘以及重金属铅的影响尤为显著。应采取综合防治措施对可能的污染来源进行加强控制,以保护小学生的呼吸系统健康。

Objective To analyze the acute effects of exposure to fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))components on primary school students'lung function,so as to provide a scientific basis for protecting children's respiratory health.Methods From 2019 to 2021,the study selected a total of 2120 primary school students from grades 3 to 5 in Tianjin using a stratified random sampling method to undergo lung function tests.At the same time,the short-term exposure levels were simulated by combining PM_(2.5)components and student addresses,and the acute impact of PM_(2.5)exposure on primary school students'lung function was analyzed by generalized linear models(GLM)and weighted quantile sum(WQS)regression models.Results The average daily concentration of PM_(2.5)in the air of Tianjin from 2019 to 2021 was 81.14μg/m^(3),which was higher than the national standard.The results of lung function testing showed that there was no statistically significant difference in lung function measurement indicators such as forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume at 1 second(FEV1),peak expiratory flow(PEF),75%forced expiratory volume in 75(FEF75),and 25%forced expiratory volume in 25(FEF25)among primary school students in different regions of Tianjin(F=1.23,0.87,2.34,1.56,0.98,P>0.05).But the GLM analysis results showed that all components of PM_(2.5)in the air had adverse effects on the lung function indicators of primary school students.When the concentrations of fluorene(FLU)and pyrene(PYR)increased by 10 ng/m^(3),the FVC of primary school students decreased by 166.44 and 61.94 L respectively.The WQS regression model analysis results showed that the mixed exposure of PM_(2.5)components particularly significant damaging effects on lung function indicators in primary school students,especially the FLU and PYR components in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,as well as the heavy metal lead.Conclusions Both single and mixed exposure to various PM_(2.5)components in the air have adverse effects on the lung function of primary school students.Among them,the influences of FLU and PYR in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,as well as heavy metal Pb,are particularly significant.Potential pollution sources should be controlled to protect the respiratory health of primary school students by comprehensive prevention and control measures.