明长城城砖工役军户逃亡问题研究——以蓟镇为样本

Study on the Issue of the Escape of Military Households during the Construction of the Great Wall Brickwork in the Ming Dynasty - Taking Jizhen as a Sample

嘉靖、隆庆、万历时期是明长城大规模城砖改造的时期,尤以蓟镇工程浩大。军户在这一工役的多个方面都承担了重要角色。由于繁重的工役负担与剥削,军户的逃亡情况日益严重。他们或是通过逃回原籍、投身官府与权贵差役逃避压榨,或是为盗作乱、逃入塞外蒙古地界对明朝统治秩序造成直接的冲击。明廷针对逃军问题在采取清勾、征调、募兵与充发等方法补充修边人力的同时,通过信息登记、严厉缉拿及提高待遇等软硬两方面的手段防止军兵逃亡,尽管如此,由于只是对旧的制度体系进行修补,逃军问题并未得到很好的解决。

The Jiajing,Longqing,and Wanli periods were significant for the extensive brickwork on the Ming Great Wall,with the Jizhen section being particularly massive.Military households played crucial roles in various aspects of this labor service.However,the heavy burden and exploitation led to a severe increase in their escape.They either fled back to their original hometowns,sought refuge in government and aristocratic services to avoid oppression,or resorted to banditry and escaped into Mongolian territories beyond the border,directly impacting the Ming dynasty's governance.To address the problem of escaping military households,the Ming court implemented measures such as clearing registers,conscription,recruiting soldiers,and repopulating the border labor force.Additionally,they sought to prevent escapes through both strict and lenient measures,including information registration,stringent apprehension,and improving treatment.Despite these efforts,the problem remained unresolved as these measures only patched up the existing system.