论权利与自由的关系

On the Relationship Between Rights and Freedom

权利本体属于精神世界,它是社会群体基于道德规则得出的赞同性评价认识。自由并非简单地与权利等同,而是与权利有着本质上的区别,自由分为原始自由freedom及自由权利liberties。原始自由是自有人类以来的一种事实性存在,与三人社会下社会群体评价得出的精神性层面的权利有着天然的区别;自由权利是在道德规则与法律规则对原始自由的限制与约束下演化而来的。对于原始自由这一事实性存在,社会群体基于道德规则作出的赞同性、允许性评价就会得出权利,而基于法律规则(由国家承认并由国家强制力保障)对其中的部分权利作出明文规定就会产生自由权利。在评价“法无明文禁止即自由”时,应区分自由与权利,这里的“即自由”并不是指自由权利liberties,而是指原始自由freedom或者是社会群体基于道德规则作出的赞同性、允许性评价即权利。

The noumenon of rights belong to the realm of the spirit,which is the agreement evaluation cognition of social groups based on moral rules.Freedom is not simply equivalent to rights,but it has an essential distinction from rights.Freedom is divided into freedom and liberties.Freedom is a factual existence since the existence of mankind,which is naturally different from the spiritual rights evaluated by social groups in the three-person society;liberties are evolved primitive freedom under the restrictions and constraints of the freedom by moral and legal rules.For the factual existence of freedom,the approval and permission evaluation of social groups based on moral rules will lead to rights,and the explicit provisions of some rights under legal rules(by the state and guaranteed by the state’s coercive force)will lead to liberties.When evaluating the principle that“what is not forbidden by law is freedom”,it’s essential to distinguish between freedom and rights.The“is freedom”here does not refer to liberties but to freedom or the approval and permissive recognition made by social groups based on moral rules,which equate to rights.