论苏格拉底的哲学问题及其逻辑转向

On the Philosophical Problems of Socrates and His Logical Turn

苏格拉底把哲学从彼岸的天上拉回到此岸的现实,他的哲学体系由本体论、认识论和方法论三部分组成。“善是目的”是苏格拉底本体论的核心命题,并自然地过渡到“德性即知识”的伦理学。苏格拉底提出“认识你自己”,首先要承认自己无知,强调由无知才能达到真知。苏格拉底的方法论是用“理性通达本体”的辩证法,一种有别于智者学派“消极辩证法”的“积极辩证法”。苏格拉底在意识中寻找本体的道路因“归纳”的知性方法难逃“主观性”的逻辑困境,最终由柏拉图以“本体”作为出发点建构起以“理念”为核心的本体论,消解了其“知性方法”与“理性对象”之间的矛盾。

Socrates brought philosophy back from the heavenly realm to the greater reality.His philosophical system consists of three parts:ontology,epistemology,and methodology.The core proposition of Socrates’ontology is“the good is the goal”,which naturally transforms into the ethics of“virtuous is knowledge”.According to him,to“know thyself”,one must first admit his or her own ignorance,for real knowledge comes from one’s recognizing the extent of his or her own ignorance.Socrates’methodology involves the dialectics of“revisiting the noumenon through rationality”,a positive dialectics distinct from the Sophists’“negative dialectics”.Socrates quested for the essence in consciousness,but inevitably encountered the logical dilemma of“subjectivity”as a result of the method of“induction”.Ultimately,considering“essence”as the starting point,Plato constructed an ontology centered on“idea”,thereby resolving the dilemma between“intellectual method”and“rational object”.