放线菌剂对南疆沙区枣树生长生理及产量果品的影响

Effects of actinomycetes on growth physiology and fruit yield and quality of jujube tree in sandy area of southern Xinjiang

为探究放线菌剂在南疆沙漠土壤条件下对枣树生长生理及产量果品的影响,选择南疆洛浦县典型沙区枣园,以嫁接4年生‘七月鲜’枣树为研究对象,设置15、30和45g·株^(-1)3种不同用量放线菌剂处理,0g·株^(-1)作为对照,测定了枣树生长、生理、产量及果实品质等相关指标。结果表明,各放线菌剂处理下,枣树新发枣头枝基径在8、9月均较对照有所增加,尤其30g·株^(-1)处理较显著,而二次枝基径始终与对照无明显差异,叶面积在30和45g·株^(-1)处理下7、8月均较对照显著增加,而叶片厚度仅30g·株^(-1)处理在7月有明显增厚;各放线菌剂处理下,叶片叶绿素相对含量在8月,净光合速率在7、8和9月均较对照显著提高,而叶片相对含水量仅30g·株^(-1)处理表现持续高于对照;7月各放线菌剂处理下的叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均较对照显著上升,而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性除15g·株^(-1)处理外也都显著上升,至8月叶片PAL活性均趋于对照,SOD活性除15g·株^(-1)处理外仍显著高于对照,而PPO活性则全部显著提升;各放线菌剂处理下枣树单株产量和优果重量均较对照有所提高,其中15和30g·株^(-1)处理下差异显著,优果率均明显提高,而病果率则均无明显差异;各放线菌剂处理下,鲜枣可溶性固形物含量在白熟、脆熟和完熟期均较对照有一定提高,尤其30和45g·株^(-1)处理一直表现显著增加,而对于干枣,总糖含量与糖酸比均较对照显著提高,其中30g·株^(-1)处理还显著降低了可滴定酸含量。综上,放线菌剂可促进枣树生长,增强枣树重要生理功能,并提高产量和改善枣果品质。在南疆沙区枣园实际生产中,可每株配施30g放线菌剂,需结合春季施农家肥为主的基肥施用。

In order to explore the effects of actinomycetes on the growth physiology,yield and quality of jujube trees under desert soil conditions in southern Xinjiang,jujube orchards in typical sandy areas of Luopu County,southern Xinjiang were selected in this research,and four-year-old'Qiyuexian'jujube trees were grafted as the research object.Three kinds of actinomycetes with different dosage of 15,30 and 45 g·plant^(-1)were treated,and 0 g·plant^(-1)was taken as the control,and the growth,physiology,yield and fruit quality of jujube trees were measured.The results showed that the basal diameter of the first branch of the new jujube tree increased in August and September compared with the control,especially in the treatment of 30g·plant^(-1),but there was no significant diference between the basal diameter of the second branch and the control.The leaf area increased significantly in July and August compared with the control under the treatment of 30 and 45 g·plant^(-1),but the leaf thickness only increased significantly in July.The relative chlorophyl content(SPAD value)and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)of leaves were significantly higher than those of the control in August,July,August and September,while the relative water content(LRWC)of leaves with only 30 g·plant^(-1) treatment was higher than that of the control.In July,the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL)in leaves treated with actinomycetes were significantly higher than those of the control,whilethe activities of polyphenol oxidase(PPO)were also significantly higher than those of the control except for 15 g·plant^(-1)treatment.By August,the PAL activities of leaves tended to the control,and the SOD activities were stll significantly higher than those of the control except for 15 g·plant^(-1)while the PPO activities were all significantly increased.The yield per plant and the weight of superior fruit of jujube under the treatment of actinomycetes were improved compared with the control,among which the difference was significant under the treatment of 15 and 30 g·plant^(-1),and the rate of superior fruit was significantly improved,but the rate of diseased fruit was not significantly different.The soluble solid content of fresh jujube treated with actinomycetes was higher than that of the control in white,crisp and complete ripening stages,especially in 30 and 45 g·plant^(-1)treatments,while the total sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of dried jujube were significantly higher than that of the control,and the titratable acid content was significantly reduced in 30 g·plant^(-1)treatment.To sum up,actinomycetes could promote the growth of jujube trees,enhance some important physiological functions of jujube trees,increase yield and improve jujube fruit quality.In the actual production of jujube orchards in sandy areas of southern Xinjiang,30 g actinomycetes could be applied to each plant in combination with basal fertilizer application in spring.