农村留守儿童脆弱性测度及影响机制分析——以甘肃省庆阳市宁县为例

Analysis of Vulnerability Measurement and Influence Mechanism of Rural Left-behind Children——Taking Ning County,Qingyang City,Gansu Province as an Example

儿童的发展一直是国家发展的重点关注方向,留守儿童作为一个特殊群体,由于长期与父母分居两地引发的亲子疏离,使其存在诸多潜在风险。以甘肃省庆阳市宁县为研究区,对346个留守对象进行问卷调查,从暴露风险、敏感性和适应能力3个维度构建脆弱性评价指标体系,采用脆弱性模型对留守儿童脆弱性进行评价,运用聚类分析法对脆弱性类型进行划分,并利用障碍度模型对影响该地区留守儿童脆弱性的障碍因子进行识别。研究发现:(1)留守儿童脆弱性总体上呈现中等偏高的状态;(2)脆弱性不同角度特征:男生高于女生、除高一外的中学年级高于小学年级、双留守较单留守显著且不同留守角色对儿童的影响存在差异性;(3)留守儿童脆弱性分为安全脆弱型、物质脆弱型、亲情脆弱型、健康脆弱型和全面脆弱型5类;(4)留守儿童脆弱性关键影响因素表现在政府政策支持度、教育资源可获得情况、物质生活条件和家庭氛围及个人心理状况和兴趣爱好等方面。研究认为,降低留守儿童脆弱性,既能保障留守儿童自身健康成长,又对实现乡村振兴具有积极意义。

Children′s development has always been a key concern of national development,and left-behind children,as a special group,are subject to many potential risks due to parent-child alienation caused by long-term separation from their parents.Taking Ning County,Qingyang City,Gansu Province as the study area,this paper conducted a questionnaire survey on 346 left-behind children and constructed a vulnerability evaluation index system from three dimensions,namely,exposure risk,sensitivity,and adaptive capacity.The vulnerability of left-behind children was evaluated using a vulnerability model,their vulnerability types were classified using cluster analysis,and the obstacle factors affecting the vulnerability of left-behind children in the region were identified using a barrier degree model.Research findings:(1)the vulnerability of left-behind children is generally moderately high;(2)vulnerability is characterized by different perspectives:boys show higher vulnerability than girls,secondary school students(expect those in the first year)have higher vulnerability than elementary school students,children left behind by both parents are more significantly affected than those left behind by one parent,and there is variability in the impact of different left-behind roles on children;(3)the vulnerability of left-behind children is categorized into five types:safety vulnerability,material vulnerability,emotional vulnerability,health vulnerability,and overall vulnerability;(4)the key factors affecting the vulnerability of left-behind children are the degree of government policy support,the availability of educational resources,material living conditions and family atmosphere,and the individual′s psychological condition and interests.Reducing the vulnerability of left-behind children can ensure their healthy growth and have positive significance for achieving rural revitalization.