非法电子数据排除规则的实证分析与完善路径

An empirical research on the rules of excluding illegally obtained electronic data and the pathway toimprovement

从规范层面看,我国刑事诉讼法对电子数据的非法证据排除规则并未作出明确规定,非法电子数据的排除依托实物证据排除规则。裁判文书的实证分析显示,实践中只有极少数人民法院采纳了辩方针对电子数据提出的合法性异议,最终排除了非法电子数据。但整体上,非法电子数据基本处于“不排除”状态。对于电子数据的审查认定,实践中存在着重真实性、轻合法性和电子数据审查实物证据化两种倾向。随着数字时代到来,电子数据的运用具有普遍性,确有必要建立非法电子数据的排除规则。为矫正司法实践中的问题,刑诉法修改应当将电子数据纳入非法证据排除的审查范围,整合电子取证手段,促进侦查措施体系化,并从电子数据类型化和构建多元化排除规则两方面入手,完善非法电子数据排除规则。

In the realm of law,the Criminal Procedure Law currently doesn’t explicitly regulate the exclusion of illegally obtained electronic data.And thus such exclusion is relied on the exclusionary rule applied to physical evidence.Empirical analysis of judicial decisions indicates that very few courts sustain defense’s objection against the admissibility of electronic data based on the illegality,and consequently exclude such data.However,in general,illegally obtained electronic data is largely“not excluded”.In practice,there are two tendencies in the inspection of electronic data:one is that the inspection on authenticity is prioritized over the inspection on legality,and the other is that the inspection of electronic data refers to that of physical evidence.With the advent of the digital age,in which the electronic data is widely used,it is definitly necessary to establish special rules to exclude illegally obtained electronic data.To rectify problems in judicial practice,future modification of Criminal Procedure Law should emphasize incorporating electronic data within the scope of exclusionary rule.The methodologies for gathering electronic evidence should be standardized in order to promote the systemization of the investigative measures.The rules of excluding illegally obtained electronic data can ultimately be improved by categorizing electronic data and developing diversified rules of exclusion.