科技创新激励视角下实质性派生品种监管路径分析

Analysis of the Regulatory Path of Essentially Derived Varieties Under the Perspective of Scientific and Technological Innovation Incentives

面对种业市场中大量存在的品种同质化问题,中国经过多年的探索,在《中华人民共和国种子法》修订中引入实质性派生品种制度,并在最新的《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例(修订征求意见稿)》中对这一制度进行了完善。当前主要的症结在于虽然已经引入此制度,但是尚未进行具体细化,导致无法有效地保护种子原始创新和合理分配创新利益。通过对实质性派生品种制度的立法现状和立法困境进行剖析,基于法经济学视角,提出对实质性派生品种的监管不足将导致创新动力不足、不正当竞争以及创新利益分配失衡。构建实质性派生品种的监管模式,分析种质资源创新价值的最优配置方案。研究表明:以利益衡量作为实质性派生品种的监管基准有利于实现创新保护中的帕累托最优,有助于平衡种业科技创新市场中的创新利益。进一步探明,在实质性派生品种培育人和原始品种培育人之间设置公平合理的报酬分配制度作为对原始品种培育人知识产权创新能力的回报,有利于切实保证原始创新的原动力;细化法律制度用于回应育种科技创新,并提高法律制度与技术发展之间的匹配性,有利于形成正向的科技创新激励效应;创设强制开发制度赋予实质性派生品种培育人基于公共利益而产生的强制使用权,有利于构建合理有效的创新利益分配体系。

Facing the problem of homogenization of varieties in the seed market,after years of exploring,China has introduced the system of essentially derivative varieties in the revision of the Seed Law of the People's Republic of China,and revised this system in the latest draft revision of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.At present,the main problem is that although this system has been introduced,it has not yet been specifically detailed,resulting in an inability to effectively protect original seed innovation and rationally distribute the benefits of innovation.By analyzing the legislative status and legislative dilemma of the system of essentially derived varieties,based on the perspective of law and economics,it is proposed that insufficient supervision of essentially derived varieties will lead to insufficient innovation motivation,unfair competition and imbalanced distribution of innovation benefits.A regulatory model for essentially derived varieties is constructed,and the optimal configuration plan for the innovation value of germplasm resources is analyzed.Research shows that using interest measurement as the regulatory benchmark for essentially derived varieties is conducive to achieving Pareto optimality in innovation protection and helping to balance innovation interests in the seed industry's technological innovation market.It is further proved that setting up a fair and reasonable remuneration distribution system between the cultivators of essentially derived varieties and the cultivators of original varieties as a reward for the intellectual property innovation ability of the cultivators of original varieties will be conducive to effectively ensuring the driving force of original innovation;refining the legal system to respond to scientific and technological innovation in seeding and improving the matching between the legal system and technological development is conducive to the formation of a positive incentive effect for scientific and technological innovation;the creation of a compulsory development system gives cultivators of essentially derived varieties compulsory use rights based on public interests,which is conducive to building a reasonable and effective innovation benefit distribution system.