地理政治学与当代现实主义理论

Geopolitics and Contemporary Realist Theories

本文主要探讨地理政治学与当代现实主义理论的内在联系。本文认为,造成地理政治学与当代现实主义理论间相互脱节的原因有二,一是地理政治学往往被认为是纳粹德国扩张政策背后的思想渊源,二是战后国际关系理论(尤其是现实主义理论)的科学化转型。地理政治学的现实主义内核是由当代学者用以界定现实主义思想或理论的三个核心标准决定的,即对无政府状态、国际政治主要行为体及国际政治本质的认识。本文指出,地理政治学与当代现实主义理论的内核都是以均势为核心的国际政治理论,但两种均势论之间却存在本质区别,而这正是地理政治学的独具特色之处。地理政治学是一种介于当代现实主义理论两大分支(均势现实主义和霸权现实主义)之间的现实主义思想体系,它有着与结构现实主义理论截然不同的两个分析特征,即整体性和动态性,这两个特征同样也昭示着地理政治学持久的生命力。

This paper seeks to examine theoretical connections between geopolitics and contemporary realist theories.The author argues that the disengagement of geopolitics and contemporary realist theories was caused by the perceived connections between geopolitics and Nazi Germany’s expansion,and the scientific reorientation of the realist theories in the postwar era.The realist nature of the geopolitics was determined by three hardcore assumptions that it shares with the contemporary realist theories.These theoretical assumptions are acknowledged to be the trademark of any realist theories.The author contends that both geopolitics and contemporary realist theories have constructed theories of international relations around principle of the balance of power.However,there are qualitative distinctions between these two kinds of balance of power theory.Geopolitics,in essence,is a peculiar realist international theory between the balance of power and the hegemonic realist theories.Compared to structural realist theories,it has two distinctive analytic characteristics,namely,holistic and dynamic approaches.These characteristics also indicate the endurability of geopolitics.