儒家关怀思想:关怀伦理发展的另一种可能——从弗吉尼亚·赫尔德关怀伦理说起

Confucian Thought of Caring:Another Possibility for the Development of Care Ethics:Starting with Virginia Held's Care Ethics

作为关怀伦理学中实践与价值进路的代表人物,弗吉尼亚·赫尔德在探讨关怀与正义关系的过程中,将关怀伦理的探讨范围由私人领域扩展到公共领域,并认为关怀的价值具有普遍性。赫尔德试图重构道德评价标准的努力在当今世界具有深刻的人文关怀意义,但其构建的关怀伦理理论体系也存在一定的缺陷,即缺乏对道德运气的考虑,对关怀者提出过高的要求,并且对关怀的规范性、普遍性考虑不足,也无法解决关系与美德之间的悖论。儒家从亲亲关系出发,构建了一套普遍关怀的体系。这一体系以人之本性阐明行动者应当如此行事,也更符合行动者的道德直觉,具体表现在儒家以“命”对道德运气作出有效说明,以“礼”为关怀的规范性保障,通过推扩亲亲之情实现民胞物与,并且突出父子之间的关怀包含规劝的义务,这给予赫尔德关怀伦理思想新的诠释视角。

As a representative of the practice and value approach in caring ethics,Virginia Held extended the scope of caring ethics from the private sphere to the public sphere in the process of exploring the relationship between care and justice,and she believes that the value of care is universal.Virginia Held's efforts to reconstruct the standard of moral evaluation have profound humanistic significance in today's world,but the theoretical system of caring ethics she constructed also has certain defects.The theory lacks the consideration of moral luck,puts forward too high requirements on the carer,and fails to consider the standardization and universality of care,and can not rely on its theory to solve the paradox between relationship and virtue.Starting from loving parents,Confucianism has built a system of universal care.Confucianism expounds that the agent should do so from the human nature,which is more consistent with the moral intuition of the agent.This is specifically manifested in the Confucian interpretation of destiny to make an effective explanation of moral luck,to take rite as the normative guarantee of care,to expand the love of parents to realize the love of others,and to highlight the care between father and son has the duty of persuasion,giving a new interpretation perspective to supplement Helder's care ethics.