红夷大炮传入与晚明战法更新

The Introduction of Hongyi Cannon and the Updating of Late Ming Military Tactics

明朝启祯时期,随着西洋火器被广泛运用于军事实践,中国军队已逐渐摸索出围绕红夷大炮的水陆新战法。在攻城方面,基于传统城墙高大坚厚的特点,明军将红夷炮击战与旧有穴城战结合起来,创造出“上推垛,下穴城”的攻城新战术。在守城方面,明军初步形成以敌台、角台之西式红夷大炮为点,城墙之上中式轻型锻铁炮为面,点面结合、远近兼备的新型城防火力体系。在野战方面,明军的车营战术也显露出类似城防作战的新思路,红夷大炮不仅用于镇守车营“阵门”,也被用来压制敌人炮兵火力。在水战方面,明军将以红夷大炮为核心的炮击战术和以火箭、火砖等为核心的纵火战术有机融合,不断完善,推动了侧舷炮舰与炮击战术的协同发展。晚明时代围绕红夷大炮展开的水陆新战法,是西洋军事技术与中国军事传统相结合的产物,体现了中西合璧的战术特征,彰显了中国军事的创新能力和整体活力。

As European firearms were widely used in warfare during the periods of Emperor Tianqi(天启)and Chongzhen(崇祯)of Ming Dynasty,the Chinese army had gradually developed a range of new tactics to better utilize the value of the Hongyi(红夷)cannon.In siege warfare,the Ming army used cannons to destroy the battlements,excavated tunnels under a bastion where gunpowder mines could be planted.In defensive battles,the Ming army combined the cannons on the fortified towers and the wrought-iron guns on the city walls.The cannons had a longer range,and the wrought-iron guns could kill more enemies;the two complemented each other and formed a new artillery system.In field battles,Hongyi cannons were not only used to guard the“front gate”of the vehicle battalion,but also used to suppress enemy artillery fire.In sea battles,the Ming army used cannons to implement gunnery bombardment at sea as well as used rockets and other weapons to set enemy ships ablaze.Cannon tactics during the late Ming period were a product of the combination of European military technology and Chinese military tradition,highlighting the innovative capacity of the Chinese army during the Ming Dynasty.