传销范围的重新界定及查处职权配置的优化——基于《禁止传销条例》修改的思考

Redefining Pyramid Selling and Optimizing the Allocation of Investigative Powers

传销作为舶来品在我国历经了允许、限制到禁止的演进历程。面对当下传销与直销的纠缠及其多层级直销、不同类型分销经营模式的复杂,尤其是数字经济下新型网络微商的出现,修改《禁止传销条例》《直销管理条例》被立法部门提到日程。基于经济政策和社会结构的变化、发展新质生产力的要求,《禁止传销条例》修改有必要通过刑法及其相关规定、解释来重新厘定传销的边界范围,确保行政立法与刑事立法在实体和程序上的衔接,保持法秩序统一下对传销治理的市场化、法治化。在传销性质界定上,应限定其范围,保持与直销新营销模式的协调;在治理方式上,实行由刑事治罪与行政治理并重向倚重行政治理转变,赋予行政执法足够的治理措施,改变现有冻结等措施向司法机关申请的规定,赋予其紧急止付等新的行政措施;在职权配置上,对诈骗型传销、经营型传销以及网络传销等新类型优化公安机关和市场监督部门以及其他部门的查处职权,构建重罚传销组织、领导者和约束积极参加者的梯度性规制体系,保持刑法的谦抑性,推进协同治理传销有效机制的建设。

Pyramid Selling,as an imported product,have gone through a history of being allowed,restricted,and banned in China.In the face of the current entanglement between pyramid selling and direct sales,as well as the complexity of multi-level direct sales and different types of distribution,especially the emergence of new types of online micro businesses,the revision of the'Regulations on the Prohibition of Pyramid Selling'and'Regulations on the Management of Direct Sales'has been raised in the agenda.Based on changes in economic policies and social structures,the requirements for developing new quality productive forces,and the criminal law and its related interpretations to counteract the boundaries of pyramid Selling in administrative regulations.The amendment to the'Regulations on the Prohibition of Pyramid Selling'requires a redefinition of pyramid selling,while maintaining the unity of legal order and the connection between administrative and criminal legislation in terms of substance and procedure.In terms of defining the nature,restricting the extension of pyramid selling to interfere with the new paradigm of direct sales;In terms of governance,criminal punishment and administrative governance should be equally emphasized,gradually shifting towards administrative governance.Adequate governance measures should be given to administrative governance,and provisions for applying to judicial authorities for freezing and other measures should be modified.New administrative measures such as emergency payments should also be given;In terms of power allocation,optimize the investigation and punishment powers of public security organs,market supervision departments,and other departments for fraudulent pyramid schemes,business pyramid schemes,and online pyramid selling,establish a gradient legal and regulatory system that imposes heavy penalties on organizations,leaders,and active participants,maintain the modesty of criminal law,and promote the effectiveness of collaborative governance of pyramid selling.