中国慈善政策的演进特征与制度逻辑——基于1994—2023年的政策文本分析

The Developmental Characteristics and Institutional Logic of China's Charitable Policy:An Analysis Based on Policy Documents from 1994 to 2023

慈善事业的高质量发展需要较为完善的政策体系。在政策工具理论视角下建立分析框架,对1994—2023年间中央层面的431份政策进行内容分析发现,政府组合应用环境型、供给型和需求型政策工具对慈善事业进行规范管理和培育发展,其中环境型政策工具始终居于主导性地位,供给型政策工具的数量相对稳定,需求型政策工具在创新发展期略有增多,但总量一直有限。慈善政策工具的选择体现了政府在慈善事业发展中的“强监管弱赋能”制度逻辑,但总体而言政府对慈善事业的监管在不断减弱,而赋能在持续增多。慈善政策的未来发展需要更多关注供给型和需求型政策工具的应用,以更好地回应慈善事业发展的现实需求。

The high-quality development of the philanthropic sector requires a well-structured policy framework.This article constructs an analytical framework from the perspective of policy tool theory and conducts a content analysis of 431 central-level policy documents issued between 1994 and 2023.The findings reveal that the government has employed a combination of environmental,supply-side,and demand-side policy tools to regulate,manage,and promote the growth of the philanthropic sector.Among these,environmental policy tools have consistently played a dominant role,while the number of supply-side tools has remained relatively stable.Demand-side tools have seen a slight increase during the period of innovative development,but their overall use has remained limited.The selection of policy tools refl ects the government's institutional logic of"strong regulation and weak empowerment"in the development of philanthropy.However,overall,there has been a gradual shift towards reduced regulation and increased empowerment.The future development of philanthropy policy should place greater emphasis on the application of supply-side and demand-side tools to better respond to the sector's evolving needs.