欧盟区域经济绿色转型:政策、路径与启示

The Green Transition of Regional Economy in the European Union:Policies,Pathways,and Implications for China

党的二十大报告指出,推动经济社会发展绿色化、低碳化是实现高质量发展的关键环节。长期以来,欧盟在区域经济绿色转型方面积累了丰富的政策实践经验,构建了较为完整的政策体系,大致经历了三个发展阶段:第一阶段(2000—2006年)奠定了可持续发展的基础;第二阶段(2007—2018年)以具体目标为导向,建立了系统性的政策框架;第三阶段(2019年至今)以更宏大的愿景为引领,更加注重公平转型和区域协同发展。欧盟的区域绿色转型政策通过多种机制发挥作用:一是自上而下的顶层设计,为区域绿色发展指明方向;二是政策协同配套,覆盖经济和社会的不同领域和维度。三是发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,引导资源要素向绿色低碳领域流动;四是统筹效率与公平,完善公平转型保障机制。中国应借鉴欧盟成功经验,结合本国国情加以灵活运用。首先,应从国家层面统筹谋划,立足区域比较优势;其次,应发挥政府、市场、社会等多元主体的积极性,建立多方参与、协同推进的工作机制;再次,应加快绿色低碳技术创新,制定符合地方实际智慧化创新工具;最后,应在加快传统产业绿色转型升级的同时,健全公平转型机制。

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the“14th Five-Year Plan”clearly state that the main goal of regional economic development in the new era is high-quality development,with the key focus being the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy.Over the years,the European Union(EU)has accumulated rich policy experience in promoting the green transition of regional economies and has constructed a relatively comprehensive policy framework.This framework has evolved through three main stages:the first stage(2000-2006)laid the foundation for sustainable development;the second stage(2007-2018)established a systematic,goal-oriented policy framework;and the third stage(since 2019)is guided by a more ambitious vision,emphasizing equitable transition and coordinated regional development.The EU’s regional green transition policies operate through various mechanisms:first,top-level design from top to bottom,pointing out the direction for regional green development;second,policy coordination and matching,covering different fields and dimensions of economy and society;third,giving play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and guiding the flow of resources and factors to green and low-carbon fields;and fourth,balancing efficiency and equity,and improving the guarantee mechanism for equitable transition.China should learn from the EU's successful experiences and adapt them to its national context.Firstly,it should plan as a whole from the national level based on regional comparative advantages;secondly,it should give play to the initiative of multiple actors such as the government,market,and society,and establish a working mechanism for multi-party participation and coordinated promotion;in addition,it should accelerate green and low-carbon technological innovation and formulate smart innovative tools suitable for local conditions;finally,while accelerating the green transformation and upgrading of traditional industries,it should improve the equitable transition mechanism.