自然保护区农户生态系统服务依赖度及其影响因素——基于形成型指标的结构方程模型分析

Farmers′dependency index of ecosystem services and influencing factors in nature reserves based on the Structural Equation Model with formative indicators

厘清农户生态系统服务依赖度(DIES)并分析不同因素对农户DIES的影响机理可为协调自然保护区保护与社区发展之间的关系提供参考和借鉴,对推进乡村振兴,促进自然保护区可持续发展意义重大。以广西防城金花茶国家级自然保护区(简称金花茶保护区)为例,基于323份农户问卷数据,对比距离自然保护区不同位置以及不同生计策略类型的农户DIES差异,使用SmartPLS 3.0构建形成型指标结构方程模型分析自然资源禀赋、农户家庭特征、地理位置以及自然保护区建立等影响因素直接或者通过生计策略这一中介变量间接对农户DIES的影响机理。结果表明:(1)金花茶保护区周边农户DIES平均值为0.326,处于较低水平,农户主要依赖于生态系统供给服务,对调节服务和文化服务依赖较低。(2)距离自然保护区不同位置和生计策略类型显著影响农户DIES,金花茶保护区内、附近、保护区外农户DIES平均值分别为0.404、0.330和0.294,保护区内农户DIES平均值显著高于自然保护区外农户;纯农户、兼业户和非农户DIES平均值分别为0.593、0.366和0.151,三者之间差异显著。(3)对农户DIES影响程度由大到小依次是生计策略类型、家庭特征、自然资源禀赋和自然保护区建立,总效应分别为-0.564、-0.305、0.235和0.135,其中家庭特征对农户DIES仅有间接影响,即通过“家庭特征→生计策略→DIES”这条路径产生,自然资源禀赋对农户DIES既有直接影响又有间接影响,自然保护区建立对农户DIES仅有直接影响,而地理位置对农户DIES的影响不显著。基于此,提出兼业化和非农化生计转变是改善农户生活且降低其DIES的有效途径;调整农户DIES结构,鼓励农户从高度依赖供给服务转变为供给服务、调节服务和文化服务组合依赖;或以不损害生态系统的方式获取供给服务,更有利于自然保护区与社区的协调发展。

Clarifying the farmers′dependency index of ecosystem services(DIES)and analyzing the impact mechanism of different factors on farmers′DIES can provide reference for coordinating the relationship between nature reserve protection and community development.It is of great practical significance to implement the rural revitalization strategy and promote the sustainable development of nature reserves.Taking Guangxi Fangcheng Golden Camellia National Nature Reserve as an example,based on 323 household survey data,the farmers′DIES in different locations from the nature reserve and different livelihood strategy types were compared.Finally,SmartPLS 3.0 was used to construct a Structural Equation Model with formative indicators to analyze the impact mechanism of factors such as natural resource endowment,family characteristics,geographical location and establishment of nature reserves on farmers′DIES directly or indirectly through the mediator variable of livelihood strategy.The results showed as follows:(1)The average DIES of farmers in Guangxi Fangcheng Golden Camellia National Nature Reserve was 0.326,which was at a low level.The local farmers mainly relied on the ecosystem provisioning services,and were less dependent on regulating services and cultural services.(2)Different locations from nature reserves and livelihood strategies types significantly affected the farmers′DIES.The average DIES of farmers in,near and outside the nature reserve were 0.404,0.330 and 0.294,respectively.The average DIES of farmers in the nature reserve was significantly higher than that of farmers outside the nature reserve.The average DIES of pure farmers,concurrent households and non-agricultural households were 0.593,0.366 and 0.151,respectively,and there were significant differences among them.(3)The degree of influence on farmer DIES in descending order was livelihood strategy type,family characteristics,natural resource endowment and establishment of nature reserves,with total effect of-0.564,-0.305,0.235 and 0.135,respectively.Among them,family characteristics only had indirect effects on farmers′DIES through the mediating effect of the path of family characteristics→livelihood strategies→DIES,natural resource endowment had both direct and indirect effects on farmers′DIES,and establishment of nature reserves only had direct effects on farmers′DIES,while geographical location had no significant effect on farmers′DIES.Based on these findings,encouraging farmers to develop by-businesses and non-agricultural livelihood transformation are effective ways to improve farmers′life and reduce their DIES.Adjusting the farmers′DIES structure and encouraging farmers to change from a high dependence on provisioning services to a combination dependence on provisioning services,regulating services and cultural services;or to extract provisioning services in ways that do not harm the ecosystem is more conducive to the coordinated development of nature reserve and community.