基于自然的解决方案对我国国家公园建设与管理研究的启示

Enlightenment of nature-based solutions to establishment,management,and related studies of national parks in China

基于自然的解决方案(NbS)作为应对全球生物多样性丧失和气候变化双重危机的重要手段,已成为生态与环境科学领域的研究前沿。自然保护地是保护生物多样性和应对气候变化的重要载体,充分借鉴NbS的标准与方法在自然保护地进行科学实施,可以在生物多样性保护、减缓和适应气候变化、推动实现可持续发展等方面实现协同增效。目前我国正处于以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设的关键时期,国家公园建设与管理及相关研究已成为近年来我国生态文明和美丽中国建设进程中的热点领域。为此,基于世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)提出的NbS全球标准的八项准则,首先梳理了NbS的各项准则对我国国家公园理论与实践的适用性,进而结合NbS的八项准则,以及我国国家公园建设与管理中的实际需求,将我国国家公园建设与管理的相关理论与实践进展围绕以下四个方面进行了梳理,即:(1)如何科学建设国家公园(准则1,应对社会挑战;准则2,根据不同尺度设计);(2)国家公园如何有效治理/管理(准则5,基于包容、透明和赋权的治理过程;准则7,基于证据进行适应性管理);(3)国家公园建设与管理成效如何(准则3,带来生物多样性净增长和生态系统完整性;准则6,在首要目标和其他多种效益间公正地权衡);(4)国家公园如何实现可持续性(准则4,具有经济可行性;准则8,具可持续性并在适当的辖区内主流化)。最后,充分借鉴NbS的各项准则,研究就我国国家公园建设与管理及相关研究提出了启示与展望,以期为我国国家公园相关学科的发展提供参考,并为推动将NbS纳入我国国家公园建设与管理行动提供支撑。

Nature-based Solutions(NbS)represent a pivotal approach to address the dual crises of global biodiversity loss and climate change,emerging as a prominent research frontier within the ecological and environmental sciences.Protected areas stand out as a crucial mechanism for biodiversity conservation and climate change response.The judicious application of NbS within protected areas,adhering to NbS standards and methodologies,holds the potential to yield synergistic benefits across biodiversity conservation,climate change mitigation and adaptation,and the advancement of sustainable development goals.China presently finds itself at a pivotal juncture in constructing its protected area system,with national parks taking center stage.Over recent years,the establishment,management,and associated research of national parks have gained considerable traction within China′s endeavor to foster ecological civilization and enhance its natural beauty.Hence,we initially delineate the applicability of NbS to the theory and practice of national parks,leveraging the eight criteria outlined in the global NbS standard by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).Subsequently,we scrutinize the advancements in both theory and practice concerning national parks in China,juxtaposing the eight NbS criteria with the practical imperatives in the establishment and management of China′s national parks across four key dimensions:(1)the scientific construction of national parks(criteria 1,addressing social challenges;criteria 2,scaling considerations);(2)effective governance and management of national parks(criteria 5,fostering inclusive,transparent,and empowering governance processes;criteria 7,evidence-based adaptive management);(3)evaluating the efficacy of national park construction and management(criteria 3,enhancing biodiversity conservation and ecosystem integrity;criteria 6,achieving equitable trade-offs between primary objectives and secondary benefits);and(4)enhancing the sustainability of national parks(criteria 4,ensuring economic viability;criteria 8,mainstreaming within appropriate jurisdictions and enhancing sustainability).Finally,we propose relevant implications and prospects for the establishment,management,and associated research of national parks in China,with the aim to serve national parks as exemplars for addressing the significant crises of climate change and biodiversity loss,safeguarding and perpetuating the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.Unlocking greater natural potential and harnessing increased natural power should constitute the fundamental concept in the domains of national park construction,management,and associated research.It is our aspiration that this paper serves as a guiding resource for the development of the national parks discipline in China and fosters the seamless integration of NbS into national park construction and management endeavors.