“山乡巨变”:近代辽东山区的林业建设和乡村秩序

“Transformative Changes in the Mountainous Rural Areas”:Forestry Construction and Rural Order in the Modern Liaodong Mountains

晚清以来,在辽东山区的历次垦务改革中,“占有者优先报领”的原则贯穿于该区土地产权变动,并形成了既定的山区产权习惯。然而,民初东北的林业建设则主张“首报者优先”原则,推行集中化、专门化和国有化的改革。新的林务规则一方面引发了辽东山区森林资源纠纷,包括“占有者优先权”和“首报者优先权”的竞争、林地产权和林木产权的分离,以及林下产品和林木产品之间的冲突;另一方面也影响了辽东山区的乡村秩序及治理。当本地农户和地方林务局发生冲突时,保长、农会和县知事会据理力争,维护本地农户利益。保长、农会和县知事对林务局的权力博弈,或可为当下林权制度改革和农村基层治理提供一种有益的历史视角。

Since the late Qing dynasty,the principle of“first refusal right granted to the land occupier”has been applied to all the reclamation reforms in the mountainous regions of Liaodong and has formed an established custom of property rights in the region.However,in the early Republican era,the forestry development in Northeast China advocated the principle of“first come,first served”and carried out a reform of centralization,specialization and nationalization.On the one hand,the new forestry rules led to disputes over forest resources in the mountainous areas of Liaodong,including the competition between“owner’s priority”and“first claimer’s priority”,the separation of forest land and forest timber property rights,and the conflict between non-timber forest resources and timber resources.On the other hand,it also affects the rural order and governance in the mountainous areas of Liaodong.When conflicts arose between local peasants and the forestry bureau,village head,the peasant association and the county magistrate tend to argue for the interests of the local villagers and defended the interests of local peasants.The power of the village head,farmers’associations and county magistrates over the Forestry Bureau may provide a useful historical perspective on the current reform of the forestry rights system and rural grassroots governance.