汉初郊庙歌辞产生的思想、文化及文学渊源

The Ideological,Cultural,and Literary Origins of Sacrificial Poetry in the Early Han Dynasty

形成于汉初高祖至汉武帝之世的汉初郊庙歌辞,以《安世房中歌》十七章、《郊祀歌》十九章为代表,是汉家宗庙祭祀、郊天祀地的重要乐章。此文以汉初郊庙歌辞文本为研究对象,从此时期的思潮与祭祀文化、文学渊源角度入手展开论述。汉初所盛行的思潮,如“黄老之术、天人感应、天人合一、阴阳五行、求仙长生”等是汉郊庙歌辞产生的思想来源,而楚文化在汉初的胜利,继承以《九歌》为代表的楚文化传统以及贵族文人的创作主体、浪漫主义精神等,是汉郊庙歌辞产生的文化渊源。所以,汉初所盛行的思想、祭祀文化是汉郊庙歌辞产生的渊源,而汉初郊庙歌辞的存在,映照着这一时代思想、祭祀文化的发展面貌,它们互为联系且相互影响。

The sacrificial poetry formed during the early Han Dynasty,from Emperor Gaozu to Emperor Hanwu(206 BC—87 BC),represented by the 17-stanza Anshi Fangzhong Ge and the 19-chapter Jiao Si Ge,served as significant musical pieces for the Han royal family’s ancestral temple sacrifices and the sacrificial rites to heaven and earth.Taking the texts of the early Han Dynasty’s sacrificial poetry as the research object,this paper makes a discussion from the perspectives of the ideological trends,sacrificial culture,and literary origins of this period.The prevailing ideologies of early Han Dynasty were the ideological sources of these poetic verses,such as“Huang-Lao’s arts,the interaction between heaven and humans,the unity of heaven and humans,yin-yang and the five elements,and the pursuit of immortality,”while the victory of Chu culture in the early Han Dynasty,the inheritance of Chu cultural tradition represented by“Jiu Ge”and the literary subject and the romantic spirit of the noble literati,were the cultural origins.Therefore,the prevailing thoughts and sacrificial culture of the early Han Dynasty are the origins of these sacrificial poems,and the existence of which reflects the development of the thoughts and sacrificial culture of that era,which are interconnected and mutually influential.