本体安全、国家身份与朔尔茨政府的对华政策调整

Ontological Security,National Identity,and the Scholz Administration’s Modified China Policy

2024年4月,德国总理朔尔茨第二次访华,中德关系成为中国与西方大国关系的积极指标。然而,朔尔茨政府的中国战略却将中国定位为“伙伴、竞争者和制度性对手”三位一体的国家,在追求对华理性合作的同时,明确以竞争者和制度性对手为基底调整对华政策,战略上加强德美协调,经贸上推行“去风险”政策,意识形态上突出价值观差异。如何解释朔尔茨政府对华政策的新调整?既有研究主要从德国国内政治、双边经贸关系、国际体系新态势等三个物质性维度进行分析。本文认为,尽管中德之间互不构成实体安全意义上的威胁,但本体安全焦虑是德国对华政策调整的主要驱动力之一,乌克兰危机、中国崛起、美国外交退化为大国竞争主导等因素的综合作用,严重冲击了德国国家身份框架,使德国积累了强烈的本体安全焦虑情绪。为维护其国家身份的稳定与连续,德国采取调整身份叙事与强化德美协调等多重措施,并将之深嵌于对华政策之中,驱动德国调整对华政策。不过,尽管德国对本体安全的追求增加了双边合作关系管理的不确定性,但中德关系仍颇具韧性。

German Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s second visit to China in April 2024 signaled a positive trend in Sino-German relations,offering a potential model for China’s interactions with other Western powers.However,the Scholz administration’s China strategy—defining China simultaneously as a partner,competitor,and systemic rival—highlights a significant tension.While Germany acknowledges the importance of rational cooperation with China,its modified China policy prioritizes the“competitor”and“systemic rival”narratives.This is evident in Germany’s strategic alignment with the United States,its economic“de-risking”efforts,and its emphasis on ideological values.This paper argues that anxieties surrounding ontological security—distinct from physical security threats—are a key driver of this policy shift.The Ukrainian conflict,China’s rise,and the United States’great-power competition diplomacy have converged to challenge Germany’s national identity framework,generating profound ontological anxieties.To address this dilemma,Germany has sought to recalibrate its identity narratives,bolster German-American relations,and recalibrate its China policy accordingly.While this pursuit of ontological security introduces uncertainty into Sino-German cooperation,the inherent resilience of the bilateral relationship remains strong.