论道德教育中儿童幸福的自由困境及其出路

On the Free Dilemma of Children’s Happiness in Moral Education and Its Way Out

幸福是道德教育中儿童自由的旨趣。道德教育中的儿童自由是摆脱不合理限制的自由、指向自律的自由。然而,德育实践中“被裹挟的意志”和“被规训的行为”都意味着儿童精神和身体的双重不自由,造成这一自由困境的原因主要在于道德权威的异化泯灭了儿童的人格尊严,空洞的说教伤害了儿童的自主权利,过多的规则约束了儿童的自由选择。因此,建议从保障道德教育过程中儿童的人格自由、给予儿童生活实践中的道德行动自由、澄清道德规则的正当性和儿童自由的限度入手,重构儿童的自由世界和幸福之路。

Happiness is the purport of children’s freedom in moral education.Children’s freedom in moral education is the freedom to get rid of unreasonable restrictions and the freedom to self discipline.However,in the practice of moral education,“bound will”and“disciplined behavior”both mean that children are mentally and physically unfree.The main reasons for this freedom dilemma are that the alienation of moral authority destroys children’s personal dignity,empty preaching harms children’s autonomy,and too many rules restrict children’s free choice.It is suggested that children’s freedom of personality should be guaranteed in the process of moral education,the freedom of moral action should be given to children in life practice,the legitimacy of moral rules and the limits of children’s freedom should be clarified,and the road of children’s freedom and happiness should be reconstructed.