“方割”与“融合”:北魏洛阳城的社会空间研究

SQUARED BLOCK AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION:A CASE STUDY ON SOCIAL SPACE OF LUOYANG CITY IN THE NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY

北魏在扩建都城平城时,为应对大规模移民的聚居问题,采用“方割”为名的规划建设方式,后在北魏洛阳城推行。“方割”的初衷是保证不同社会阶层的居住隔离,但北魏洛阳城的社会空间却表现出“融合”趋势。目前规划史研究并未关注。根据历史文献,将北魏洛阳城的居民划分为胡汉士庶四个等级阶层,以《洛阳伽蓝记》为数据来源。研究发现,各城区都有不同程度的阶层混居;里坊间的阶层差异虽然高于城区间的差异,但里坊内也有民族、士庶、南北朝等不同社会阶层的混居现象。北魏洛阳城的社会空间在统一的“方割”底图上,总体上呈现出城区尺度的居住混合与里坊尺度的居住隔离相交织的结构特征。长期推行的汉化政策是主要原因;汉化政策又通过影响阶层认知和城市规划建设方式,进一步影响了社会融合。其中“方割”而成的里坊,以统一的形制对社会空间分异起到了消弭作用。研究能够丰富中国城市发展与规划建设史,并为认识城市规划与社会发展之间的关系提供历史启示。

“Square Block”is a planning protocol first invented in the Northern Wei Dynasty when the Pingcheng City was expanded as its capital.The method was later morphed into the famous Lifang System.The design imperative of the Square Block was to ensure social segregation of different social classes.But the fact that the ruling class–the Xianbei ethnic group from north China–was implementing its policy to resettle in city proper led to a congenial environment that actually tolerated mixed-living of different social classes.According to historical literature,the residents of the Luoyang City at that time could be divided into four social classes.Through an in-depth analysis of the“Notes on Buddhist Temples in Luoyang”,the author finds that although the Square Block map has clearly divided the urban neighborhoods following a unified plan,almost all areas in the city had mixed social class dwellings,with class differentiation within a Lifang being greater than that between Lifangs.This phenomenon is known to be attributed to Xianbei ruling elites’willingness to merge into the local culture and community.The practice of such spatial integration of different social classes and ethnic groups has much to do with ruling elites’policy to settle locally.As we move into an era of more extensive and profound urbanization,how to properly make use of urban design and public policy to ensure urban safety as well as urban social integration has become a more and more pressing issue.Hopefully,the case of Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty could offer some useful reference.