学生素养到底是如何形成的——再论实践活动作为学生素养发展的机制

How Is Students'Competency Formed:Re-Discussing Practical Activity as the Mechanism of Students'Competency Development

国内外诸多研究表明,实践活动是促进素养发展的基本机制。实践活动促进人的素养发展的原因在于,其中存在着主体与客体之间双向对象化或转化的过程。学生学习实践的目的在于,经由主体的客体化过程以实现客体的主体化。学生实践中客体的主体化在心理层面的表现是,客体及活动过程以观念、形象、感受、体验等形式进入学生的心理结构,引起学生心理结构的调整、改造或丰富,由此促进学生心理发展。为落实学生素养发展,应努力使学生的学习活动成为具有对象性、主体性、挑战性及多样性的实践性活动。知识学习影响学生素养发展的功能体现在,对学生为形成某种素养而参与的实践活动过程产生了指导、借鉴、示范、鼓舞等作用,使学生的素养发展超越个体经验的局限而达到人类已有的发展水平。知识学习作用于学生素养发展的机制是,通过作用于学生实践活动的过程而间接地影响学生素养发展,学生掌握的知识不能脱离实践活动而直接成为学生的素养。素养形成的总过程是“以行为本的知行结合的过程”或曰“以知促行的过程”。

Domestic and international researches show that practical activity is the basic mechanism of students'competency development.Practical activity can promote students'competency development because it contains the two-way objectification and transformation of subject and object.Students'learning practice aims to realize the subjectification of the object through the objectification of subject.The manifestation of the subjectification of object in students'practice at psychological level is that object and activity process enter students'psychological structure in the form of idea,image,feeling and experience and cause the adjustment,transformation or enrichment of students'psychological structure,thus promoting their psychological development.In order to implement students'competency development,efforts should be made to make students'learning activity into practical one of objectivity,subjectivity,challenge and diversity.Knowledge learning plays the guiding,reference,demonstrating and inspiring function for students'practical activities in order to form competency,so that competency development goes beyond the limitation of individual experience and reaches human level.Knowledge learning indirectly affects competency development by acting on students'practical activity,to the knowledge mastered by students cannot be separated from practical activity to directly become competency.The overall process of competency formation is the process of combining knowledge and practice based on practice or the process of promoting practice with knowledge.