国际习惯法视野下单边制裁的非法化探究

The Illegalization of Unilateral Sanctions from the Perspective of Customary International Law

单边制裁被认为是国际法的“灰色地带”。美西方国家利用法律规制的缺失和相关规则的模糊性,滥施单边制裁行为。现行国际法虽然未一般性地禁止单边制裁行为,但这并不意味着单边措施就是合法的。鉴于美西方国家滥施单边制裁的危害,联合国大会近年来反复通过了四类反对单边制裁的决议。从国际习惯法传统构成要素说来看,决议所持续反对的相当于封锁的单边制裁行为、具有域外适用效果的单边制裁行为以及对人权造成严重侵害的单边制裁行为,其非法性已具有广泛的国家实践和高程度的法律确信,正在形成新兴国际习惯法规范。如果从有关识别国际习惯法的“新”理论以及国际法院识别国际习惯法的灵活路径来看,前述三种单边制裁行为的非法性均已具有国际习惯法性质。为了更加主动、有效地反击美西方国家滥施单边制裁的行为,中国应在国际层面加快推进单边制裁的非法化进程。

Unilateral sanctions are considered a“grey area”in international law.The United States and other Western countries have taken advantage of the lack of legal regulation and the ambiguity of the relevant rules to impose unilateral sanctions indiscriminately.Although existing international law does not prohibit unilateral sanctions in general,this does not mean that unilateral measures are legal.Given the harm of unilateral sanctions imposed by Western countries,the United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly adopted four types of resolutions against unilateral sanctions in recent years.From the perspective of the traditional two-element theory of customary international law,the unlawfulness of unilateral sanctions amounting to embargoes,unilateral sanctions with extraterritorial application,and unilateral sanctions causing serious violations of human rights,which the resolutions continue to oppose,has gained extensive state practice and a high degree of opinio juris,and is shaping the emerging norms of customary international law.The unlawfulness of the three types of unilateral sanctions mentioned above is already of a customary international law nature,if one looks at the“new”theories on the identification of customary international law,as well as the flexible path of the International Court of Justice in identifying customary international law.In order to more proactively and effectively counter the indiscriminate imposition of unilateral sanctions by the United States and other Western countries,China should accelerate the process of delegitimizing unilateral sanctions at the international level.