归因归责二分的反思与科学鉴定下刑法因果关系的认定

Reflection on the System of Factual Causality and Legal Causality and the Rules of Determining the Criminal Causality under Scientific Appraisal

基于事实判断与规范判断二分而导出的“归因+归责”二阶层因果关系判断体系,与刑法因果关系的性质和法律论证必然存在的价值预设之间存在矛盾,作为事实因果关系判断内容的条件关系没有坚守的必要,规范判断是贯穿整个刑法因果关系认定的主轴。我国司法实务以科学鉴定的原因和参与度大小作为刑法因果关系判断素材,直接进行规范思考的做法是更为科学妥当的,只是其针对科学鉴定结论的结果归属规则尚有进一步具体化的空间。对此,首先可以综合案件事实将行为参与度大于50%的情形认定为直接或主要因果关系,将参与度高于10%但小于等于50%且符合病理发展规律的情形认定为诱发原因;其次,对于科学鉴定无法直接表明因果关联和参与度的案件,则需要结合案发时的特定时空环境,考虑行为人对介入行为的驱力,判断介入的他人行为是否合理。最后,在量刑时需要结合其他情节综合考量行为人的参与度大小,在刑罚上适当做出区分。

The two-level causality judgment system of“factual causality+legal causality”derived from the dictation of fact judgment and norm judgment is in contradiction with the nature of criminal law causality and the value presupposition of legal argument.There is no need to adhere to the conditional relation as the content of the judgment of factual causality.Value judgments are the main thread running through the entire process of determining the criminal causality.In our judicial practice,it is more scientific and appropriate to judge the causality of criminal law with the cause and participation of scientific appraisal,but there is still room for further improvement of the specific evaluation rules for the conclusion of scientific appraisal.In this regard,first of all,the case facts can be integrated to identify the direct or main causality when the behavioral involvement is greater than 50%,and the situation when the involvement is greater than 10%but less than or equal to 50%and in line with the law of pathological development as the inducing cause.Secondly,for the cases in which the scientific identification cannot directly show the causal correlation and involvement,it is necessary to consider the specific space-time environment at the time of the crime,consider the actor s drive to the intervention behavior,and judge whether the intervention behavior of others is reasonable.Finally,in sentencing,it is necessary to consider the degree of involvement of the perpetrator in combination with other circumstances,and make a proper distinction in punishment.