庸俗功利主义教育的精神哲学审视

A Spiritual Philosophical Examination of Vulgar Utilitarianism Education

功利主义伦理学以“最大多数人的最大幸福”为基本信条,表达着公共性的道德理想。然而,一种鼓励人们权衡利弊得失、追求一己之私利的庸俗功利主义正日益渗透到学校,使学校在急功近利的价值引领中走向功利化。功利化的教育通过需要的欲望化将教育的目标置于自身之外,并在个体化的竞争中、在对进步的追逐中放弃教育的价值理想。教育简化为机械性的训练,学习演变为重复性的劳作。功利主义教育的根本问题乃是“精神”问题,它通过对学生自然欲望的鼓励使个体的意志自由不再可能,通过对教育实体的解构而让学生成为原子化世界里的精神流浪者,同时在思维与意志的分离中、在知识与行动的脱节中使精神成为无法走向现实的思维着的精神。学校教育的精神重建一方面需要认识上的精神转向,将教育视为个体的精神历程,另一方面需要方法上的精神和解,实现儿童自然欲望与自由天性、特殊个体与普遍实体等的内在统一,同时还需要推动学校教育在知识、道德、艺术等内容上的精神回归,真正使学校成为追求真、善、美的精神世界。

Utilitarianism ethics takes“the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people”as its basic tenet and expresses the public moral ideal.However,a kind of vulgar utilitarianism,which encourages people to weigh the advantages and disadvantages and pursue their own selfish interests,is increasingly penetrating into the school,making the school move towards utilitarianism in the value guidance of quick success and instant benefit.Utilitarian education puts the goal of education beyond itself by turning needs into desires,and gives up the value ideal of education in the individualized competition and the pursuit of progress.Education is simplified to mechanical training and learning to repetitive work.The fundamental problem of utilitarianism education is the“spiritual”problem,which makes individual freedom of will impossible by encouraging students'natural desires.Students become spiritual wanderers in an atomized world through the deconstruction of the educational entity.At the same time,in the separation of thinking and will,and in the disconnection of knowledge and action,the spirit becomes a thinking spirit that cannot move towards reality.On the one hand,the spiritual reconstruction of school education needs to recognize the spiritual turn,so as to regard education as an individual's spiritual process;on the other hand,the method of spiritual reconciliation is needed to realize the inner unity of children's natural desires and free nature,special individuals and universal entities.At the same time,it is also necessary to promote the spiritual return of school education in knowledge,morality,art and other contents,so as to truly make the school a spiritual world in pursuit of truth,goodness and beauty.