In vivo haploid induction in cauliflower,kale,and broccoli

Brassica oleracea(family Brassicaceae)represents a groupof economically valuable vegetables cultivated worldwide,including cabbage(var.capitata),cauliflower(var.botrytis),broccoli(var.italica),and kale(var.acephala).These crops aretypically self‐incompatible and require vernalization forflow-ering,thereby contributing to their long growth cycles.For hy-brid breeding,6–9 years of continuous selfing or backcrossingare required to develop pure parental lines.Alternatively,dou-bled haploid(DH)technology can be used to produce homo-zygous lines within two generations,thus increasing breedingefficiency and decreasing costs.However,traditional haploidinduction(HI)methods for Brassica mainly rely on microsporeor anther cultures,which require tissue culture and are highlylimited by the plant genotype.