形式追随功能:敌楼核心功能与建筑形制的关联探析

Form Follows Function:Analysis of the Core Functions of the Hollow Watchtower in Relation to its Architectural Formation

作为明长城的标志性建筑,敌楼功能与形制间的关系尚未厘清,导致类型多样化的成因和设计原则存疑、长城遗产价值揭示受阻。以明代火器为视角,史料与实物互证,分析历史上“敌楼”改名“铳楼”的原因,探索西洋火器佛郎机对敌楼核心功能的影响,通过敌楼的断代研究和“明长城全线图像与三维数据库”抽样调查,从历时性和共时性角度比较敌楼的结构与平面、箭窗与吐水嘴的位置、“悬眼”有无等形制特点,验证佛郎机与敌楼的共生关系,得出围绕核心功能的敌楼形制设计原则,拓展建筑遗产与可移动文物多元互证的研究方法,为相关遗产的价值揭示和利用提供参考。

As a landmark of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty,the relationship between the function and form of the hollow watchtowers has not yet been clarified,leading to doubts about the causes and design principles of the diversity of its types,and hindering the revelation of the heritage value of the Great Wall.Taking the firearms of the Ming Dynasty as the perspective,we analyse the reasons for the renaming of the"Hollow Watchtower"to"Frankish breech-loaders",explore the influence of the Western firearms Frankish breech-loaders on the core function of the hollow watchtower,and analyse the relationship between the function of the hollow watchtower and its form by means of the research on the hollow watchtower and the"Ming Great Wall"database.Through the intergenerational study of the hollow watchtower and the sampling survey of"image and three-dimensional database of the whole line of the Ming Great Wall",we compare the structure and plan of the hollow watchtower,the position of the arrow window and spit,and the presence or absence of the"hanging eyes"from the perspective of ephemerality and co-temporality,so as to validate the symbiotic relationship between the Frankish machine and the hollow watchtower and to come up with the principle of designing the hollow watchtower around the core function,and to expand the scope of the study.The research method of multi-dimensional mutual verification of architectural heritage and movable cultural relics is expanded to provide reference for the value revelation and utilisation of related heritage.