解读德国“卓越计划”:一个多源流理论的视角

Interpreting the German Excellence Initiative:a Multiple-streams Theory Perspective

在内忧外患的双重压力下,德国于2005年推行“卓越计划”,旨在重振高等教育,恢复昔日的辉煌。文章从多源流理论的视角,对德国“卓越计划”的实施逻辑进行研究发现:德国在世界大学排名中的弱势地位、大学自身发展的多重困境和他国一流大学建设的冲击是“卓越计划”提出的问题源流;联邦政府对追求卓越的呼吁、各州政府对建设卓越大学的探索和专家学者对德国现实境遇的把握与审视是“卓越计划”实施的政策源流;全球及欧洲战略的推动、社会公众及文化传统的影响和相关利益团体的博弈是“卓越计划”产生的政治源流。三条源流汇聚使得“卓越计划”正式推行。探讨“卓越计划”背后的实施逻辑,会为我国建设世界一流大学提供一定借鉴。

Under the double pressure of internal and external troubles,Germany implemented the Excellence Initiative in 2005,which aims to revitalize higher education and restore its former glory.Based on the multiple-streams theory,this paper studies the implementation logic of the German Excellence Initiative and finds that:Germany's weak position in the world university ranking,the multiple difficulties in the development of universities and the shock in the construction of first-class universities in other countries constitute the problem stream;the federal government's call for excellence,the state government's exploration of excellence and the experts' understanding and review of the reality of Germany constitute the policy stream;the promotion of global and European strategies,the influence of social public and cultural traditions,and the competition of relevant interest groups constitute the political stream.The convergence of these three streams led to the official launch of the German Excellence Initiative.The discussion of the implementation logic behind the German Excellence Initiative will undoubtedly provide some reference for the construction of world-class universities in China.