禁止使用武力例外规则的适用困境及其纾解

The Dilemma of the Application of Rules of Exception to the Prohibition of the Use of Force and Its Solutions

禁止使用武力原则具有国际强行法属性,存在自卫和安理会授权两种例外。实践中,禁止使用武力例外规则的适用面临自卫形态多样、安理会授权用语模糊、道义正当性试图取代合法性的困境。原因是,自卫内涵存在较大的解释空间,安理会授权决议是政治博弈的产物,以及国际法治理念尚未确立。使用武力现象频频发生并不意味着禁止使用武力例外规则失效,国际社会认可的禁止使用武力的合法例外仍然是自卫和安理会授权,其他的例外主张并未被接受。禁止使用武力例外范围的“守成”表明,充分运用国际社会的力量是遏制例外扩张的有效路径。国际社会应当明晰自卫的应然形态、提高安理会授权决议的规范性以及强化国际法治理念。

The principle of prohibition of the use of force constitutes international jus cogens, and self-defense and authorization by the Security Council are the two exceptions thereto. In practice, the application of rules of exception to the prohibition of the use of force has many dilemma, such as the variety of self-defense forms, the ambiguity of the authorizations of the Security Council, and the moral justification attempts to replace legitimacy. The reasons why it is so are that there is a large space for interpretation of the connotation of self-defense, the Security Council resolutions reflect the nature of the political game product, and the idea of international rule of law has not been established.The frequent occurrence of the use of force does not mean that rules of exception to the prohibition of the use of force are invalid. Exceptions to the principle of prohibition of the use of force which are generally accepted by the international community are merely selfdefense and the authorization by the Security Council. Other exceptional claims have not been accepted. The adherence to the scope of exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force shows that making full use of the strength of international community is an effective way to restrain the expansion of exceptions. The international community should persist to clarify the deserved form of self-defense, gradually promote the normalization of authorization of the Security Council, and strengthen the idea of international rule of law.