意识形态何以“没有历史”?——超越德国观念论的关键问题与历史唯物主义的解决路径

Why does Ideology"Has No History":The Critical Issue of Overcoming German Idealism and the Solution Path of Historical Materialism

德国观念论坚持观念、思想、概念的独立性,诉诸概念辩证法揭示世界与历史的真相,把全部人类历史变成了纯粹的思想的历史,人被仅仅当作人类历史实现自身目的的外在工具。系统阐释“意识形态何以‘没有历史’”,构成马克思、恩格斯超越德国观念论最为重要的问题。具体而言,即在哲学层面阐明物质生产运行机制,基于全面生产视域进一步阐明意识、精神生产的被决定性;着眼于人类客观历史进程,基于历史事实揭示意识、精神生产何以受现实经济关系的制约;强调只有诉诸生产方式变革才能真正实现每个人的自由发展。由此马克思、恩格斯揭示了意识形态自身“没有历史”的深层根源,论证了只有“在劳动发展史中”才能找到“理解全部社会史的锁钥”,成为历史唯物主义生成的重要理论环节。

German idealism insists that concepts,thoughts and ideas are independent.By means of conceptual dialectics,German idealism tries to reveal the truth of the world and the history,regarding the whole human history as the history of pure idea,and regarding human beings as external tools of human history.In order to understand how Marx and Engels overcame German idealism,the systematic interpretation of"why does ideology has no history"becomes the most important task.In concrete terms,this task can be divided into three parts:the first part is to shed light on how the material mechanism of production works from a philosophical point of view,and then,based on the theory of universal production,to shed light on how the production of consciousness and mentality is determined by the material mechanism of production.The second part is to show,based on the objective historical process of human beings and historical facts,how the production of consciousness and mentality is limited by realistic economic relations.The third part is to emphasise that only through the revolution of the mode of production can the free development of all people be fully realized.Therefore,Marx and Engels revealed the deep reason why does ideology"has no history"and showed that only"in the history of the development of labor"can we find"the key to understanding the whole history of society",which becomes an important theoretical part of historical materialism.