论公安派之“真”的四个层面

On the Four Aspects of“Truth”of Gong An School

在公安派的诗文理论中,“真”是一个非常重要的概念。前人对于“真”这一概念虽颇有研究,但对于“真”的意义层面划分仍不够细致。通过对相关文献的梳理,将公安派之“真”区分为人格、情感、文体、表达四个层面,并由此探讨“性灵”与“真”之间的关系问题,认为“性灵”和“真”其实是“体”和“用”的关系。以“真”为核心来建立公安派的文学体系,一方面颠倒了二者之间的因果位置,另一方面在某种程度上淡化了其他审美风格在公安派文学中的地位和价值。公安派对于“真”的追求,树立了独立自主的人格类型,实现了个人情感的自由书写,促进了晚明非正式文体的勃兴,也代表了晚明“重一己而轻外物”的时代文化精神。

In the poetic theory of Gong An school,“truth”is a very important concept.Though there has been a lot of research on the concept of“truth”,the division of its meaning is still not detailed enough.This article divides“truth”into four aspects,which are personality,sensibility,genre,and expression,via canvassing the relevant literature of Gong An school.Based on these four aspects,the relationship between“truth”and“spirituality”is further explored,which actually equals the relationship between“essence”and“utility”.However,some scholars establish the literary system of Gong An school based on“truth”.On one hand,the causal position between“spirituality”and“truth”is reversed,and on the other hand,it also dilutes the status and value of other aesthetic styles in the literature of Gong An school to a certain extent.The pursuit of“truth”by Gong An school builds an independent personality,achieves the free expression of personal feelings,and promotes the flourishing of informal literary style in the late Ming Dynasty,while also representing the cultural spirit—“concentrating on the inner feeling instead of the outside world”—of that time.