成都万佛寺造像碑中的佛寺园林图像研究

Buddhist Garden Images on the Buddhist Monuments Excavated from Wanfo Temple in Chengdu

佛寺园林是兴起于东晋、南朝时期的中国园林样式。成都市万佛寺的“元嘉二年造像碑”“梁二菩萨造像碑”和“须弥山造像碑”背面雕刻有独特的园林图像,图像较为客观地表现了东晋、南朝时期佛寺园林的艺术风貌,同时这三幅图像也是现已发现创作时间最早的“净土图式经变”题材的佛教美术作品。通过考证,万佛寺造像碑上的“净土图式经变”是参照南朝佛寺园林,应用全景式的构图,采用南朝“台榭”画的方法创造而成。图像运用了三段式分层的布局方法,通过将各种物象归纳为“梯形”图式并加以组合的方式,表现出南朝佛寺园林宏大的场面和深远的意境。万佛寺造像碑参照世俗社会中的佛寺园林作为“净土图式经变”绘画原型的创作方法,影响了敦煌唐代“净土变”题材壁画的创作。

Buddhist temple gardens have a Chinese garden style emerging during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.The unique garden images carved on the backs of the"Yuanjia Second Year Statue Stele",the"Liang'er Bodhisattva Statue Stele"and the"Xumi Mountain Statue Stele"excavated from Wanfo Temple in Chengdu objectively reflect the artistic style of Buddhist temple gardens during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynas-ties.The three images are the Buddhist art works discovered so far to have the"Pure Land Pattern Sutra Transfor-mation"theme as well as the earliest creation time.Through textual research,it is concluded that the"Pure Land Pattern Sutra Transformation"was created by referring to Buddhist temple gardens in the Southern Dynasty,using a panoramic composition,and applying the method of"Taixie"painting in the Southern Dynasty.The image adopts the three-stage layered layout method,which summarizes various objects into a"trapezoidal"pattern and combines them to depict the grand scene and profound artistic conception of Buddhist temple gardens in the Southern Dynasty.The creation method of the monuments found at Wanfo Temple,which referred to that of Buddhist temple gardens in secular society as that of the"Pure Land Pattern Sutra Transformation"painting prototype,influenced the creation of murals featuring the"Pure Land Transformation"theme during the Tang Dynasty at Dunhuang.